COLOUR FASTNESS

Textiles—Tests for Colour Fastness, ISO 105, AATCC, Research Triangle Park, N.C., 1990. 

The earliest polymeric cationic aftertreatments stemmed from the development of crease-resist finishes for cellulosic fibres. One such, promoted specifically for its colour fastness improvements when applied as an aftertreatment to direct dyeings, was a condensation product of formaldehyde with dicyandiamide (Scheme 10.82). Many similar compounds followed, such as condensation products of formaldehyde with melamine (10.212), polyethylene imine) with cyanuric chloride (10.213) and alkyl chlorides with polyethylene imine) (10.214 R = alkyl). 

As recommended laundering temperatures have tended to fall in recent years, a bleach consisting of sodium perborate activated by addition of tetra-acetylethylenediamine (4.110 TAED) has become an important component of household detergent formulations. This system is effective at temperatures as low as 40-50 °C. A recent study of the effects of TAED-activated peroxy bleaching on the colour fastness of azoic dyeings has demonstrated that the sensitivity of these products can be related to their chemical structure. Electron-donating substituents in the diazo component enhance resistance to oxidative attack under these conditions, as do the size and complexity of substituents present in the coupling component [110]. 

In spite of the anomalous ring-opening decomposition of nicotinotriazine compounds under conditions of alkaline hydrolysis (Scheme 7.34), the product of reaction of a bis(aminonicotinotriazine) dye with cellulose is the same as that from the analogous bis(aminochlorotriazine) dye in terms of hue, colour fastness and stability of the dye-fibre bond. If desired, these bis(aminonicotinotriazine) dyes can be applied satisfactorily at 80 °C and pH 11, as was evident for Cl Reactive Blue 187. They have slightly higher reactivity... 

Calcobond dyes was that the colour fastness to light was adversely affected. The fastness to acid treatment was no better than that of the resin finish, i.e. the dyeings could be stripped by boiling at a pH below 5. 

DIN 54 005, DIN 54 006 Bestimmung der Wasserechtheit von Farbungen und Drucken (leichte bzw. schwere Beanspruchung). ISO 105-E01-1989 Textiles - Tests for colour fastness, Part E01 Colour fastness to water. prEN 20 105-E01-1992. 

DIN 54 007 Bestimmung der Meerwasserechtheit von Farbungen und Drucken. ISO 105-E02-1989 Textiles for colour fastness, Part E02 Colour fastness to sea water. prEN 20 105-E02-1992. 

DIN 54 019 Bestimmung der Farbechtheit von Farbungen und Drucken gegeniiber gechlortem Wasser. ISO 105-E03-1987 Textiles for colour fastness, Part E03 Colour fastness to chlorinated water (swimming-bath water). 

DIN 54 021 Bestimmung der Reibechtheiten von Farbungen und Drucken. ISO 105X12-1987 Textiles -Tests for colour fastness, Part X12 Colour fastness to rubbing. prEN 20105-X12-1992. 

DIN 54 003-1983 Bestimmung der Lichtechtheit von Drucken undFarbungen mitTageslicht. ISO 105-B01-1993 Textiles Tests for colour fastness Colour fastness to light Daylight. 

ISO 105-X10 Textiles - Tests for colour fastness - Part XIO Assessment of migration of textile colours into polyvinyl chloride coatings ISO 264 1976 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fittings with plain sockets for pipes under pressure - Laying lengths - Metric series ISO 265-1 1988 Pipes and fittings of plastics materials - Fittings for domestic and industrial waste pipes - Basic dimensions Metric series - Part 1 Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U)... 

Dehydroxylation of goethite produces the ferrite reds - extremely colour fast and pure hematite. With low temperature calcination the acicular shape of the goethite precursor is retained, whereas high temperatures lead to a sintered product. 

Shore,/, ed. Colourants and Auxiliaries. Organit Chcmixfrv and Apfdit ttiion Processes, Vol. I. Culouranis, Society of Dyers and Colourists, U K., 1990. Textiles —Tests far Colour Fastness. ISO 105. AATCC. Research Triangle Park. N.C.. 1990. 

Besides the technical tests, among which particular interest attaches to the intensity of the colour, fastness to light, behaviour when mixed with zinc oxide, yellow pigments, etc., and with vehicles (oils), it may be necessary to test qualitatively for impurities and to determine quantitatively the colouring matter, the methods employed being described below. 

Some of the properties of wood veneer laminates are inferior to those of conventional HPL (as examples, colour-fastness, resistance to heat and impact) but the surfaced wood veneers will meet the requirements of the furniture Standard BS 6250 Part 32 for horizontal surfaces in severe use. 

The suitability of a laminate for outdoor use may be tested by accelerated methods. Tests available include colour-fastness, resistance to corrosion, resistance to frost, and the absorption of water. 

These define and give methods of test for dimensions of rolls, washability, and colour fastness when exposed to light. Means of application, the matching of patterns, and the removal of wallcoverings also are discussed. 

Loss by wear is dependent on the coefficient of friction, the stiffness, the resilience and the degree of brittleness. In order to assess the resistance to wear it has to be ascertained whether this property is in equilibrium with other properties, e.g. colour fastness and shape retention. If the durability is determined by the resistance to wear, the aesthetic and use properties must remain virtually constant during the life of the product. 

Light fastness is mainly determined by the nature of polymer and dyestuff and by the interaction between the two. Additives like pigments and stabilisers (antioxidants) are important. The better the light fastness of the polymer, the greater the chance that it will have a good colour fastness. 

A classic illustration of scaffold decoration is the trisubstituted 1,3,5-triazine. The starting material trichloro-l,3,5-triazine is inexpensive, and the halogens can be displaced by nucleophilic aromatic substitutions one by one. Such chemistry was well precedented in pre-combinatorial days, and used on a large scale for the synthesis of colour-fast reactive dyes. The overall reaction sequence has an appeal in its simplicity, and both academic and industrial practitioners have reported a steady trickle of such triazine-based libraries over the last 20 years. Novelty will come either from the particular set of nucleophiles employed or the assay targets. 

No yellowing of undyed fabrics, no shade change of coloured ones, no reduced colour fastness... 

Almost no effect Soil-release finishes Antistatics, if not softening and smoothing Finishes to improve colour fastness Finishes for protection from UV or insects Antimicrobial finishes... 

Chemical finishing is defined as and includes all processes after coloration that provide better properties and that enable the qualified use of the treated textiles. But dyers and printers are often responsible for finishes that improve colour fastness. Nowadays coloured textiles have to fulfil many requirements. Therefore improvement in the colour fastness is a type of chemical finishing of particular practical interest and importance. 

Properties provided by these finishes are mostly improved wet fastness, for example washing, water, perspiration and ironing fastness, then better light fastness and only to a small extent improved crocking and rubbing fastness. For other kinds of colour fastness, for example dry ironing, chlorine, peroxide and carbonisation, there are no known possibilities for improvement by an after treatment. The market importance of these finishes is based on customer preferences and economic production demands. For abetter understanding, each of these three quite different fastness improvements will be dealt with separately. 

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