Testing the results

The authors tested the efficacy of the spreadsheet for various cases. Using the Alt I key, desired changes were made in the columns B7..D2S. Then the Alt R was used for recalculation and, next, the Alt V was used for viewing the gt qihs. 

The tests were performed to check how close the predictions from the master curve are to the actual data of viscosity versus shear rate. For most polymers, the error in the predicted value was limited to a maximum of 20%. The minimum deviation was less than 3%, as in the case of PET. For some polymers, however, the maximum mror in the case of some data was within a broader band of 40%. The reason for diis is that the master rheogram itself had a broad bandwidth. Because most of the data were coalesced from existing literature data, the errors in the miginal data naturally oeep into the predictions from the master curve. It is known fiiat, even with the most sophisticated equi ments, errors to the extent of S0% can oeq in if proper care is not taken when generating the data. Thus, the blame for the broader error band in the case of some polymers, that too only in file low-medium shear-rate ran s, does not rest entirely with file master curve. If the original data which are used for forming the master curve are error-free, then automatically the master curve predictions would be very accurate, as fiie unification tedmique itself is very reliable. 

The spreadsheet program developed by fiie authors was limited to only 19 bonM lymers. Intentionally, copolymers. Mends, and PVC formulations were omitted. This is because of fiie nonuniqueness in the glass-transition temperature and the activation energy in aD these cases. Hence, columns I and J are difficult to fill for these systems and the formula in column S would need modification. Sudi developments are not impossible and the users are encouraged to try and develop the programs for copolymers, blends, and PVC formulations. Because 

Spreadsheet software solves engineering problems, Chem. Eng., 51-53 (June 27,1983). 

Ooldfarb, S.M., Sprea heets for chemical engineers, Chem. Eng., 91-93 (April 15, 1985). 

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At first a crack wider than the outer diameter of the coil winding is tested. The results of the superposition and the measured data are presented in fig. 8. 

For tests performed in simulated situations such as the snag tests, the results are meaningful only if an estabUshed correlation exists between performance in the tests and in wear situations. Thus, the acceptable level of performance in the test should not be selected arbitrarily but should be estabhshed in actual wear studies (122). 

Although there are a few caveats that need to be noted about these tests, the results suggest strongly that there is no real link between stomach cancer and nitrate in water. Further support for this conclusion comes from the fact that, while nitrate concentrations have been increasing in water during the past 30 years, the incidence of stomach cancer has been declining, and about ten years ago the absence of any link was accepted officially. ... 

The source test report is the end result of a large amount of work. It should be thorough, accurate, and written in a manner understandable to the person who intends to use it. It should state the purpose of the test, what was tested, how it was tested, the results obtained, and the conclusions reached. The actual data and calculations should be included in the appendix of the source test report so that they are available to substantiate the report if questioned. 

Where the evaluation of the change requires further design work and possibly experimentation and testing, the results for such activities should be documented to form part of the change documentation. 

Apparently the role of methanol is to intercept unstable species which otherwise tend to polymerize or rearrange. The methoxy peroxide (72) can be isolated in crystalline form if desired, but it is preferable to treat the methylene dichloride solution at 0° with zinc dust and acetic acid until the mixture shows a negative potassium iodide test. The resulting crude seco-aldehyde (73) is then cyclized to (74) by stirring with neutral alumina in benzene at room temperature for 3 hr. ° Wechter has recently reported a number of transformations of a 5yS-hydroxy-6yS-formyl-B-norpregnane prepared in 8% yield by photolysis and hydrolysis of a 5a-hydroxy-6 -azidopregnane. 

To test the results of the chemical potential evaluation, the grand canonical ensemble Monte Carlo simulation of the bulk associating fluid has also been performed. The algorithm of this simulation was identical to that described in Ref. 172. All the calculations have been performed for states far from the liquid-gas coexistence curve [173]. 

It is sometimes cliflicult to detect nitrogen by the sodium test. The result should not be regarded as conclusive, especially if the substance is volatile, unless it has been dropped in small quantities at a time into the melted metal, which should be heated in a hard-glas.s tube clamped in a retort-.stand. Special care must be used with nitro compounds, which may explode and shatter the Lube. 

Other substrates were tested the results are summarized in Table 5.2. Vinyl ethers (2b-2d) also worked well to afford the corresponding tetrahydroquinoline derivatives (3a-3e) in good to high yields with good to excellent diastereo- and en-antioselectivity (entries 1-10). Use of 10 mol% of the chiral catalyst also gave the adducts in high yields and selectivity (entries 2 and 6). As for additives, 2,6-di-t-bu-... 

The British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association carried out two series of tests, the results of which have been given by Gilbert and Gilbert and Porter these are summarised in Table 4.12. In the first series tough pitch copper tubes were exposed at seven sites for periods of up to 10 years. The two most corrosive soils were a wet acid peat (pH 4-2) and a moist acid clay (pH 4-6). In these two soils there was no evidence that the rate of corrosion was decreasing with duration of exposure. In the second series phosphorus-deoxidised copper tube and sheet was exposed at five sites for five years. Severe corrosion occurred only in cinders (pH 7 1). In these tests sulphides were found in the corrosion products on some specimens and the presence of sulphate-reducing bacteria at some sites was proved. It is not clear, however, to what extent the activity of these bacteria is a factor accelerating corrosion of copper. 

The strains needed to initiate cracks in both the annealed and the sensitised materials were obtained using tapered slow-strain-rate specimens and the data are given in Fig. 8.36. As can be seen, there is little temperature dependence of the strain needed to initiate cracks in sensitised material whereas the annealed material was most susceptible to cracking at about 250°C. These results indicate the complicated response of Type 316 stainless steel to applied potential and demonstrate that, even though environmentally-assisted cracking may be generated by severe test methods, in this case the slow-strain-rate test, the results obtained must be used with care. For instance, the cracking of the annealed material at low potentials... 

In a 30 minute test the results obtained should not differ by more than 1 minute using different lots of paper. On being exposed to nitric oxide fumes, these papers slowly turn green, followed by a salmon pink coloration Methyl Violet Paper Test (Field Test for Pro pint Powders). This method of testing proplnts using 0.1N methyl violet paper directly in the containers in which the powder is stored, was developed at Picatinny Arsenal in 1928—29 (Refs 1 2), and was adopted by the Ordnance Dept to replace the Observation Test about 1931... 

The antitumor activity of salicylaldoxime complexes of [Bu2Sn(IV)], [ Bu2Sn(lV)], and [Ph2Sn(IV)] have been tested. The results are collected in Table 7. ° ... 

The result obtained from a Hj (5%)/Ar (95%) - TPR/MS in a soak-ramp mode test is shown in Figure 3 for a sample of DESOX. The onset temperature found for H S release in this case, approximately 580°C, is substantially higher than 450°C, the typical onset temperature found in the propane-TPR/MS test. The result was essentially identical in terms of the onset temperature for H S release even when undiluted was used as the reactant. Unlike the propane-TPR/MS tests, where the reaction products are essentially HjS only with virtually negligible amounts of SOj, Hj-TPR/MS tests always showed both SOj and HjS. These data, notably the pattern of change in the rates of SOj and H2S released with temperature in Figure 3, clearly demonstrate, as expected, that the reduction of S to S in step 3 is a consecutive reaction. 

Finally, the abatement of NO pollution by using sorbing catalytic materials [59,60] must also be cited. Several solid sorbents for NO removal (metal oxides, spinels, perovskites, double-layered cuprates, zeolites, carbonaceous materials, heteropolyacids and supported heteropolyacids) have been tested. The results are interesting, but not competitive to actual technologies. To mention that the use of sorbing materials allows... 

No adverse effects were noted in the testes. The results of this study indicate that lead affected spermatozoa after release from the germinal epithelium which was possibly protected from the effects of lead by the blood-testes barrier (Barratt et al. 1989). 

The second step when determining impacts is the hazard assessment [28]. During the hazard assessment, the impact caused by the exposure to a substance is determined [30]. This is often done using in vitro or in silico testing. The results of the hazard assessment are often presented as dose-response functions. 

Timm, Gilbert, Ko, and Simmons O) presented a dynamic model for an isothermal, continuous, well-mixed polystyrene reactor. This model was in turn based upon the kinetic model developed by Timm and co-workers (2-4) based on steady state data. The process was simulated using the model and a simple steady state optimization and decoupling algorithm was tested. The results showed that steady state decoupling was adequate for molecular weight control, but not for the control of production rate. In the latter case the transient fluctuations were excessive. 

In a study by Annous et al. (2004) surface pasteurization of whole fresh cantaloupes was tested. The results indicated that the reduction in numbers of test organisms, which were Salmonella Poona and E. coli, was significantly different than in the uninoculated controls and that the shelf-life of the pasteurized cantaloupes also increased compared with the untreated controls. 

The finger prick technique is invasive, painful, and potentially dangerous, because of the risk of infection. Also, since it is not continuous, it is not possible to predict a blood glucose pattern over the day nor the exact dose of insulin needed. In addition, depending on the training of the individual performing the test, the results are subject to inaccuracy. 

In each experiment with the cone calorimeter one piece of sample. 20 cm x 20 cm. was tested. During the test period three pieces of each type of sample were tested. The results presented in Table IV are therefore the average integrated amount of gases generated during sets of three experiments. 

Step 1 Cytotoxicity. Each polymer was evaluated, at least twice, in blind experiments, according to their toxicity toward insulinoma cells. For many polymers alternative suppliers and molecular weights were also tested. In total 37 polyanions were obtained of which 23 were systematically evaluated. By comparison, 29 of the 36 polycations procured were systematically tested. The results of these experiments are provided in Table 4. 

The problem is to determine whether exposures have occurred before substantial symptoms are present. This is accomplished through a variety of medical tests. The results from these tests must be compared to a medical baseline study, performed before any exposure. Many chemical companies perform baseline studies on new employees before employment. 

In addition, the thermoset polymer prepared from 1,1,1 -tris(4-trifluoroviny-loxyphenyl)ethane was cast into plaques according to the procedure outlined in the Section 3.2, and was subjected to thermal, mechanical, and dielectric tests. The results of these tests are listed in Table 3.3. 

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