Testing, environmental water

To our knowledge only one work has been reported on the use of a commercial immunochemical test to detect penicillins (penicillin G, penicillin V, ampicillin, cloxacillin, and oxacillin) in several environmental compartments. Thus, Campagnolo et al. [84] measured penicillin using the Charm IIRIA test in water samples proximal to a US farm. The LOD of the technique was 2 pg L L... 

Solutions must be concentrated or the constituents must be isolated before trace amounts of the various organics present as complex mixtures in environmental water samples can be chemically analyzed or tested for toxicity. A major objective is to concentrate or isolate the constituents with minimum chemical alteration to optimize the generation of useful information. Factors to be considered in selecting a concentration technique include the nature of the constituents (e.g., volatile, nonvolatile), volume of the sample, and analytical or test system to be used. The principal methods currently in use involve (1) concentration processes to remove water from the samples (e.g., lyophilization, vacuum distillation, and passage through a membrane) and (2) isolation processes to separate the chemicals from the water (e.g., solvent extraction and resin adsorption). Selected methods are reviewed and evaluated. 

A lthough the levels of plutonium in environmental waters are generally - low, there is the possibility of plutonium contamination from weapons testing, nuclear reactor operations, laundry and decontamination wastes, fuel reprocessing, and accidental release during transportation. It has been estimated that by 1980 the United States will be producing 15,000-20,000 kg. of plutonium per year (12). Its growing use will increase the probability of environmental contamination. 

Starting with the atmospheric thermonuclear tests, tritium concentration in the Northern Hemisphere has increased considerably above the natural background of approximately 10 pCi/liter of water (5). Since the cessation of these tests, environmental tritium concentrations have decreased gradually. Tritium is, however, produced in every nuclear reactor to some extent as a product of fission (1) or the activation of deuterium. In particular, reactors with heavy water as the moderator or cooling agent produce a large amount of tritium. Inasmuch as no... 

Rippon, G.D. and Riley, S.J. (19960 Environmental impact assessment of tailings dispersal from a uranium mine using toxicity testing protocols, Water Resources Bulletin 32 (6), 1167-1175. 

Svenson, A., Edsholt, E., Ricking, M., Remberger, M. and Rottorp, J. (1996) Sediment contaminants and Microtox toxicity tested in a direct contact exposure test, Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 11 (4), 293-300. 

SPE. However, LLE may reduce the sample loss, experiment procedures and errors, and save time in comparison to SPE [8, 25, 28], In contrast, if a larger amount of sample is available, e.g., 2-10 mL of urine or 1-10 L of environmental water, SPE is a better choice, because it concentrates the sample and minimizes the interferences from other materials, leading to a higher sensitivity and selectivity of the method or test [34, 37, 39], The sample extraction throughput can be significantly enhanced by using automated 96-well SPE plates [31,49],... 

OECD (1987) The use of biological tests for water pollution assessment and control. In Proceedings of the International Seminar on the Use of Biological Tests for Water Pollution Assessment and Control. Varese, Italy ISPRA Research Centre (OECD Environmental Monograph No. 11). 

The presence of mutagens such as nitroarenes and aromatic amines in environmental waters or industrial effluents can be assessed by the Ames test and in vitro cytogenetic assay for bacteria (outside the scope of this chapter), involving a combination of toxic... 

Guidelines for testing environmental chemicals in the United States were delineated during the 1970s and 1980s (Auletta et al. 1993 Waters and Auletta 1981) and for food additives in 1982 (FDA 1982). Classically, the first batteries included (1) a bacterial test for gene mutation, (2) either an in vitro test for chromosomal... 

This Is a reference book for persons working with contaminated soils, ground water, and underground storage tanks. Contents indude analysis and testing, environmental fate and modelling, remediation, and Health Assessment. 

For environmental testing, bioassays provide an integrated picture of the overall toxicity of pore water, sediment elutriate or sediment from a contaminated site. Various aquatic organisms, such as vertebrates, invertebrates, protozoa, algae, macrophytes and bacteria are used to test environmental samples. The idea behind these toxicity tests is that the test organisms will react in a predictable way to various types of environmental contaminants. 

Brossa et al. developed an automated SPE-GC-MS method for the determination of endocrine disrupting compounds including six phthalate esters. The interface device was a programmed temperature vaporizer (PTV), whose liner was packed with Tenax. The samples were spiked with 50% of methanol and 15 ml of this mixture were preconcentrated. Before elution, the precolumn was dried with nitrogen. The analytes were desorbed in the backflush mode with three ethyl acetate fractions of 100 /rl and online transferred to the GC system. The performance of the method was tested with several environmental water samples. The recoveries achieved were satisfactory and the detection limits were between 1 to 36 ng/1. 

Ding et al. described an automated on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS method for the determination of macrolide antibiotics, including erythromycin, roxithromycin, tylosin, and tilmicosin in environmental water samples. A Capcell Pak ME Ph-1 packed-column RAM was used as SPE column for the concentration of the analytes and clean-up of the sample. One millilitre of a water sample was injected into the conditioned SPE column, and the matrix was washed out with 3 ml high-purity water. By rotation of the switching valve (see Fig. 4.2), macrolides were eluted in the back-flush mode and transferred to the analytical column. The limits of detection and quantification obtained were 2-6 and 7-20 ng/1, respectively, which is suitable for trace analysis of macrolides. The intra- and inter-day precisions ranged within 2.9-12% and 3.3-8.9%, respectively. At the three fortification concentrations tested (20, 200, and 2000 ng/1), recoveries of macrolides ranged from 86.5% to 98.3%. 

C. Gabelich, K. Ishida, R. Bold, Testing of water treatment copolymers for compatibility with polyamide reverse osmosis membranes. Environmental Progress 2005, 24(4), 410-416. 

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