Terms and Concepts

Since the spectroscopist and the solid state physicist often use different language to describe the same aspects of electronic structure, it is useful to briefly review the terms that will be used in this chapter. 

An understanding of some of the basic vocabulary and principles employed in archaeological chemistry is essential to understanding this field of study. In the following paragraphs a brief discussion of matter and energy includes these relevant concepts. This is followed by a consideration of measurement issues and the very small quantities of elements, isotopes, and molecules we often have to measure in the lab. Finally the meaning of accuracy, precision, and sensitivity provide perspective on the results obtained from scientific instruments. 

Izod test plane strain plane strain fracture toughness stress raiser thermal fatigue transgranular fracture 

ASM Handbook, Vol. 11, Failure Analysis and Prevention, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2002. 

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I. M. Aisenberg, Patent Eaw Precedent Key Terms and Concepts, 2nd Edition, Littie, Brown and Co., Boston, Mass., 1991. 

Opening segments of the IP2 PRA data analysis section describe the definitions of terms and concepts employed, the assumptions made, and limitations recognized during the data base construction. A set of 39 plant-specific component failure mode summaries established the basis for component service hour determinations, the number of failures, and the test data source for each failure mode given for each component. Generic data from WASH-1400, IEEE Std 500, and the LER data summaries on valves, pumps, and diesels were combined with plant-specific failure data to produce "updated" failure information. All the IP2 specialized component hardware failure data, both generic and updated, are contained in Table 1.5.1-4 (IP3 1.6.1-4). This table contains (by system, component, and failure mode) plant-specific data on the number of failures and service hours or demands. For some components, it was determined that specifications of the system was warranted because of its impact on the data values. 

Although I have tried to keep each chapter as self-contained as possible, there are unavoidable dependencies. The part in Chapter 3 describing HF methods is prequisite for understanding Chapter 4. Both these chapters use terms and concepts for basis sets which are treated in Chapter 5. Chapter 5 in turn, relies on concepts in Chapters 3 and 4, i.e. these three chapters form the core for understanding modem electronic structure calculations. Many of the concepts in Chapters 3 and 4 are also used in Chapters 6, 7, 9,... 

Discussions about the PA usually focus on definitions. Such definitions are plentiful, they depend on the scientific and social background of their authors, and they all contain elements of truth and error. One of the basic problems with the PA is that there is no such thing as an overall definition. The application of the PA is always heavily context-dependent. It is no use solving problems associated with applying the PA by means of a generally accepted definition, since it is difficult to define a principle sharply where uncertainty is the main element. The definition of terms and concepts like uncertainty always depend on the scientific, social, cultural and economic background of individuals employing them. 

Lilienfeld, S. O., Waldman, I. D., Israel, A. C. (1994). A critical examination of the use of the term and concept of comorbidity in psychopathology research. Clinical Psychology-Science and Practice, 1, 71-83. 

One of the best scientific sites on the web is IUPAC s own site, http //www.iupac.org/ publications/compendium/index.html, which defines several hundred terms and concepts. 

It is often helpful to start with an initial informal sketch of the main terms and concepts, drawn as a concept map. It serves as a concrete starting point for capturing the vocabulary used and the relationships between terms (see Figure 14.9). A concept map is simply a graph of labeled nodes and labeled (preferably directed) edges. We do not try to formalize the map or even worry much about distinguishing objects, types, actions, and associations. The concept map can serve as the starting point for the type model and collaborations. 

Finally, having introduced the basic terms and concepts, this book is itself introduced, and the recommended ways of reading and usage are described. 

A brief introduction to polymerisation mechanisms is given here for readers not familiar with the field. In this section some terms and concepts are introduced which will be used later in the chapter. 

For something so familiar, fire is a surprisingly complex phenomenon. There are many excellent detailed references on the physics of fires, properties of burnable material, and the fundamentals of fire science. Rather than attempt to be a comprehensive guide, this Appendix will introduce some common fire terms and concepts and discuss in simple terms how they relate to fire protection. 

Some of the terms and concepts used in this chapter need to be defined, because they are not necessarily used in the same way by natural product chemists. A brief selection follows where each term is printed in italics ... 

Keywords The repetition of key terms and concepts in the abstract and title is commonplace. Because both the title and abstract are often used for computer searches, it is important that key terms be included... 

The foiiowing important terms and concepts are often used in vacuum technoiogy ... 

The question-and-answer site of Joanne Larsen, a reputable expert in the field of dietetics. Peruse her well-formed answers, and you Ufind ample use of the many terms and concepts introduced in this chapter. 

To facilitate introduction to the topics contained in this book, the first chapter considers briefly the broader processes of drug discovery and development within the pharmaceutical industry. The specific roles of DM and PK, the applications considered throughout this book, are defined as well as major terms and concepts in mass spectrometry. Finally, the role of mass spectrometry in DM and PK is developed and the ensuing chapters introduced. For the experienced professional, this final section of the first chapter may represent the appropriate starting point in reading this book. 

In order to answer questions quickly and efficiently, it is vital that the test-taker understand what is, and is not tested directly by the MCAT. To assist the test-taker in gaining this knowledge, this manual will use the following conventions. Any term or concept which is tested directly by the MCAT will be written in bold and brown. To ensure a perfect score on the MCAT, you should thoroughly understand all terms and concepts that are in bold and underlined in this manual. Sometimes it is not necessary to memorize the name of a concept, but it is necessary to understand the concept itself. These concepts will also be in bold and brown. It is important to note that the converse of the above is not true just because a topic is not in bold and brown, does not mean that it is not important. 

Chapter 1 provides an introduction to some of the basic terms and concepts of electrochemistry and corrosion and provides a detailed overview of the remainder of the book. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the important thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of relevance to corrosion electrochemistry. Chapter 3 focuses on what might be viewed as an aberration from normal dissolution kinetics passivity. This aberration—or peculiar condition, as Faraday referred to it— is critical to the use of stainless steels, aluminum alloys, and all the so-called corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs). 

This book is intended to introduce some of the basic chemistry for the medical and healthcare professions. The material is suitable for any such course or as a refresher for people returning to the profession. It is designed to give a basic introduction to chemical terms and concepts and will develop the relevant chemistry of drugs and medicines in common use in later chapters. 

Several important terms and concepts must be understood in order to discuss fully the synthesis, characterisation, structure and properties of polymers. However, some are of such fundamental importance that they must be defined at the outset. 

Pauling always favored the Valence Bond (VB) theory over the Molecular Orbital (MO) theory for the description of the electronic structure of molecules, because the VB model resembles more the pre-quantum theoretical models of chemical bonding. However, modem quantum chemistry is dominated by MO theory, which has clearly prevailed in the computational applications. Nevertheless, a number of terms and concepts of VB theory still play an important role when it comes to the interpretation of the results of a quantum chemical calculation. 

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