Objects, distinguishable

A receiver is the object distinguished as determining which operation will be invoked by a given message. It is usually thought of as executing the operation, which has access to the receiver s variables. 

Biology family used as a category or a means of classification - a group of objects distinguished by common features. 

Often our category has special objects, distinguished by the structure of morphisms that have this object as their domain or as their codomain. 

Hattori et al. [15] consider the calorimeter in terms of a onedimensional model of distributed parameters. The objects distinguished are the calorimetric vessel A, the heat conductor 5 and the medium C, at constant temperature, that surrounds the calorimeter Fig. 1.2). For the solution of the Fourier equation, the following assumptions were made heat power is generated in the calorimetric vessel at homogenous temperature and with constant heat capacity the heat conductor along which the heat flows has a well-insulated lateral surface. Its ends are defined as X = 0 and x = L there exists a heat bridge of the calorimetric vessel with the conductor the environment is kept at constant temperature. The heat transfer takes place only through the cross-section for x = 0. 

EM instmments can be distinguished by the way the infonnation, i.e. the interacting electrons, is detected. Figure Bl.17.2 shows the typical situations for TEM, STEM, and SEM. For TEM the transmitted electron beam of the brightfield illumination is imaged simply as in an light microscope, using the objective and... 

It sometimes happens that instead of finding which precursor ion gives which product ion (or vice versa), the object is to identify all pairs of precursor/product ions that show the loss of one particular mass. For example, it may be that a series of compounds contains some methyl esters (31 mass units). By looking for the loss of 31 mass units, viz., m, - m2 = 31, methyl esters can be distinguished from other compounds (Figure 34.5). 

Figures 4.1 la and b, respectively, are examples of dark-field and direct transmission electron micrographs of polyethylene crystals. The ability of dark-field imaging to distinguish between features of the object which differ in orientation is apparent in Fig. 4.11a. The effect of shadowing is evident in Fig. 4.11b, where those edges of the crystal which cast the shadows display sharper contrast.

Visibihty or visual range is the maximum distance at which a black object, a target, can be distinguished from the horizon. Under certain viewing conditions, the apparent contrast (C) between a target and the horizon decreases exponentially with the distance (x) between the target and observer (42)... 

The internal field is that microwave field which is generally the object for solution when MaxweU s equations are appUed to an object of arbitrary geometry and placed in a certain electromagnetic environment. The is to be distinguished from the local field seen by a single molecule which is not necessarily the same (22). The dielectric permittivity as a function of frequency can be described by theoretical models (23) and measured by weU-developed techniques for uniform (homogeneous) materials (24). 

Fig. 10-2. Threshold contrast in distinguishing an object from its surroundings. The eye responds to an increment in light intensity by increasing the number of signals (pulses) sent to the brain. The detection of threshold contrast involves the ability to discriminate between the target (1) and the brighter background (/ + A/). Source Gregory, R. L., Eye and Brain "The Psychology of Seeing." Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1977.

There are two types of resource requirements those needed to run the business and those needed to execute particular contracts or sales. The standard is not specific, but a glance at ISO 9004-1 will reveal that it is more than those needed for a particular contract and less than needed to run the business. ISO 9004-1 limits the resources to those needed to implement the quality policy and meet quality objectives. It will be very difficult for companies to distinguish between those resources which serve quality and those which serve other objectives. There may be some departments that can be eliminated, such as the legal, insurance, catering, medical, or publicity departments, but in a company-wide quality culture all departments etc. will be included. 

Action Right action on wrong object Set point changed on wrong controller Same as above Same as above Clearly label controllers to distinguish among set point controls... 

Matter itself has energy, called rest energy. Wliat distinguishes matter-energy from other forms of energy is that all matter has inertia and is subject to the force of gravity when at rest as well as when in motion. Inertia measures the resistance of an object to being accelerated by a force, and the inertia of an object at rest is proportional to its mass. 

Implemented by robot teams, their algorithm has the robots move about a fenced-in environment that is randomly littered with objects that can be scooped up. These robots (1) move randomly, (2) do not communicate with each other, (3) can perceive only those objects directly in front of them (but can distinguish between two or more types of objects with some degree of error), and (4) do not obey any centralized control. The probability that a robot picks up or puts down an object is a function of the number of the same objects that it has encountered in the past. 

It is one thing to describe as we have done informally above, even qualitatively, what a complex system is, and to conjure up myriad examples of complex systems. It is quite another to quantify the notion of complexity itself, to describe the relationship between complexity and information, and/or to understand the role that complexity plays in various physical and/or computational contexts. Each of these difficult problems in fact remains very much open. While we may find it easy enough to distinguish a complex object from a less complex object, it is far from trivial to furnish anything that goes beyond a vague characterization as to how we have done so. Some recent attempts at quantifying the notion of complexity are sketched below. 

The problem is to articulate this intuition formally to define a measure that not only captures our intuitive feel for what distinguishes the complex from the simple but also provides an objective basis for formulating conjectures and theories about complexity. While a universally accepted measure has yet to be defined, a number of interesting proposals have been made in recent years. All such measures of complexity fall into two general classes ... 

Of course it is important to distinguish between the shape of the periodic table, which is admittedly a matter of choice or convention, from tables that actually place certain elements in different groups. The point is not whether one should favor a tabular form, in which periods end abruptly, over circular displays which emphasize the continuity of the sequence of the elements for example. The question is rather whether to favor a table that places the element helium among the noble gases, when compared with tables that place this element among the alkaline earths. The wider question is whether elemental classification is an objective matter of fact or whether it is a matter of convention. It is the question of whether helium, for example, has a natural kinship with the noble gases or with the alkaline earths. Or as philosophers of science are apt to say, it is the question of whether or not groups, or families of elements, represent natural kinds. 

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