Technology reliability, technical

The various gasification applications for power and or heat are shown in Fig. 6 in terms of their market potential and overall technology reliability. Each of these applications will be discussed in the subsequent sections and the most advanced plants in each application will be presented in terms of their status and future prospects. It is of course beyond the scope of this overview to present all known activities, however, the most significant of these will be discussed as a means of presenting their achievements for the benefit of the other projects, which are still in the development stage. All demonstration projects had to overcome numerous teclinical and non-technical barriers as this is an emerging technology, however, many of these problems are common to all projects in the same application field and thus the projects still in the development face could learn from the experiences of the others. 

A significant survey response indicated the importance of both design and service features to advance roller compaction technology (33). There seems to be an assorted blend of needs that are due in part to vendor past performances, such as reliability, technical support programs, and service history. There is also a component of innovation, new technology advances, such as cantilevered rolls and operator touch screens with parametric feedback [Table 3, courtesy of the American Pharmaceutical Review (33)]. 

Safety and reliability of a machine or equipment must be systematically monitored and inspected and there must be conditions created to minimize negative events in the form of interruption of the casual relationship of failure, accident, and injury occurrence, that is, minimizing the risks. A technical equipment operator must be familiar with the methods and tools for performing these activities, and there must be a sufficient operational structure in place for the machines and equipment to be operated in a safe way. One of the effective means of carrying out these activities is the collection of processes within maintenance technology and technical diagnostics as its part. 

X-ray tubes are used in a broad variety of technical applications the classical application certainly is the radiographic inspection. For the penetration of high-Z materials, relatively high power is required. This lead to the development of X-ray tubes for laboratory and field use of voltages up to 450 kV and cp power up to 4,5 kW. Because of design, performance and reliability reasons, most of these maximum power stationary anode tubes are today made in metal-ceramic technology. 

Electronics cleaning - For most uses in the electronics industry, ozone-depleting solvents can be replaced easily and, often, economically. A wide choice of alternatives exists. If technical specifications do not require postsolder cleaning, noclean is the preferred technology. If cleaning is required, the use of water-soluble chemistry has generally proved to be reliable. There are however limitations, whereby water-soluble chemistry is not suitable for all applications. 

We have given a brief overview of the present state of instrumentation for CL-based analysis. Technological improvements have resulted in ultrasensitive, reliable, and user-friendly system components and instruments. As will be appreciated, the range of instruments offered has become very broad and the purpose of this chapter was not to be comprehensive and to describe all existing instruments or techniques. Readers interested in more details should read technical journals dedicated to clinical, chemical, or biotechnological laboratories or re-... 

In general, technical developments will lead to a decrease in overall costs of this technology per unit of installed generating capacity (kWe). Some types of fuel cells need to achieve higher power densities per kg weight or m3 most need to increase lifetimes of stacks or other plant components. For smaller applications, the technology must reach a reliable level sufficient to allow the plants to operate unattended. 

The highest priority technical issue that developing gasification technologies face is reliability. The key issues are ... 

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