TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS

In order to operate a reactor, many variables have to be measured and monitored. Some of them are considered to be vital for the safety of the reactor, and thdr measurement has to be fiist and reliable. What follows is a description of the technological options actually used to measure, process, display and record the variables in research reactors. 

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There ate three basic technology options for making solar cells with do2ens of variations on each. These approaches ate conveniently grouped as follows thick (- 300 fiTo) crystalline materials, concentrator cells, and thin (- 1 fiva) semiconductor films. 

Insurance Expenses - Depending upon the project, insurance expenses could either increase or decrease. Insurance premiums can be increased depending on the technology option chosen for a plant design. 

Corrective Measures Implementation (CMI) -those activities associated with the design and construction of the technology options selected and with performance monitoring. 

Table 4 allows a generic identification of the various technology options suitable for treating wastes based on their hazardous characteristics and physical form Table 4 also identifies the kinds of data which must be collected to perform a valid evaluation of those technologies. The physical treatment data needs for different media shown in Table 5 are typically required in addition to those presented in Table 4. 

Waste Type Form Technology Options Preliminary Technology Data Needs... 

Technology Options for the Treatment of Wastes and Waste Streams... 

In the technological approach, qualitative and quantitative inforraatioii on emissions released by various production and work processes, as well as data on control technology performance, are required in order to specify the air quality target levels that are technically and economically feasible. The approach is based on information on current concentration levels that are achieved by different control technologies, ranging from standard practices to the most advanced technology options (Fig. 6.7). 

The purpose of multiobject spectroscopy (MOS) is to obtain spectra of many objects within a wide field of view. Modem spectrographs have fields of 5-200 arcmin wifhin which several fens to hundreds of objects may be observed simultaneously. With microslit techniques, the multiplex advantage may be increased still further. The main technological options are (Fig. 13) ... 

The lack of information about process-specific technology options... 

Demirbas, M. F., Technological options for producing hydrogen from renewable resources. Energy Sources, Part A Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 2006, 28(13), 1215-1223. 

The transportation segment of the U.S. economy relies heavily on petroleum, accounting for more than two-thirds of all the oil used in the nation [1]. More than 50% of the total petroleum consumption in the United States is imported and this percentage is projected to increase to about 60% by 2025 [2], It is clearly essential that technology options, complemented by policy approaches, to the petroleum-based transportation system be developed and successfully commercialized to transform the transportation infrastructure in the United States. 

Therefore, finding ways to meet the energy demands while simultaneously addressing the environmental impacts associated with energy use in the future represents a major challenge to humanity. Some of the possible approaches and technological options to meet these challenges are ... 

Although a high theoretical potential of RES exists, this potential decreases significantly when further restrictions, such as the technical availability, market constraints, environmental constraints and the economic feasibility of renewable technology options for energy conversion, are taken into account. For these reasons, it is also hard to predict how renewable capacities will develop in the future. 

Phase I Early start-up phase with very low hydrogen penetration (demonstration phase). A few large-scale first-user centres are situated in European capitals (see also Roads2Hy-Com (2007)). Owing to its case-by-case selection of the technology options, this phase is not considered in the infrastructure analysis. 

The chapters that follow are based on lectures presented at the Idecat conference on Catalysis for Renewables , Rolduc, The Netherlands, which had been organized to discuss different technology options and related catalytic advances or challenges. Whereas the main focus is on biomass related catalytic technologies, lectures on fossil fuel technology as well as solar and biotechnological conversion paths were also included. 

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