Tariff Regulations

During the EC TACIS project RAMBOLL has sought to clarify whether the current tariff regulation practise actually discourages the undertaking of investments aiming at improving the reliability of the gas transmission system. 

Key words EU gas directive, Norwegian natural gas transportation systems, economic and legislative regulation, natural monopoly, tariff regulation, security of supply... 

Section 63 of the PR about tariff for agreements in the primary market is discussed below together with the Tariff Regulation. 

Several new processes have also been developed in order to facilitate capacity allocation and booking. The booking of capacity is applicable at the different entry and exit zones as defined by the Tariff Regulation. The booking is thus booking for entry capacity, process capacity and exit capacity. 

In this sub-section we have chosen some few issues, among many, for comparing the theory against the Norwegian approach. One should further note that the access regime and the tariff regulation were implemented less than a year ago and thus experiences are limited. 

The national government has many regulations and restrictions which have a direct effect on industrial costs. Some examples of these are import and export tariff regulations, restrictions on permissible depreciation rates, income-tax rules, and environmental regulations. 

Administrative No colonial ties Lack of monetary or political ties No common currency Institutional weakness Trading blocs Tariffs, regulations... 

Furthermore, in accordance with 44 of the tariff regulation, when due to breach by the energy company quality standards of customers service, thermal power has been reduced (if the sales contract does not provide differently), the recipient... 

Changes in the regulatory environment for telecommunication Systems and services - Tariff regulation of pricing services - License fees - Health and safety - Privacy regulations - Timing and costs of new network construction expansion - Commercial success of these networks... 

Fig. 1. U.S. sweetener consumption, 1980—1992, where represents sucrose ( ), com sweeteners and ( ), noncalotic sweeteners. In each country of the modem world, sugar production and trade play major social, pohtical, and economical roles. In order to regulate and protect export, import, stocks, subsidies, tariffs, etc, an enormous number of laws have been enacted and agreements concluded on sugar, both domestically and internationally. Also, insofar as sugar is a basic staple for a large population, each country keeps a watchhil eye on sugar production, consumption, and price, which vary widely from country to country, as shown in Table 2 (7,8). Table 2. World Sugar Production, Consumption, and Retail Prices, 1993-1995 ...

R. M. Gra2iano, Hazardous Material Regulations of the Department of Transportation, Tariff 31, Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, Washington, D.C., Mar. 31, 1977. 

Graziano s tariff hsts many regulated (dangerous) commodities (Part 172, DOT regulations) for transportation. This includes those that are poisonous, flammable, oxidizing, corrosive, explosive, radioactive, and compressed gases. Part 178 covers specifications for all types of containers from carboys to large portable tanks and tank trucks. Part 179 deals with tank-car construction. 

Members of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN), Malaysia included, have yet to formulate common rules for dmg regulation. Nonetheless, efforts have been made towards harmonization in terms of voluntary standards. Through the ASEAN Technical Cooperation Project in Pharmaceuticals, a number of reference substances and guidelines have been developed (17). Furthermore, agreements made for the ASEAN Free Trade Area have harmonized and reduced import tariffs on a number of goods, including pharmaceutical raw materials and finished products. 

Most of the difficulties occur when reference materials cross national borders and, as a result of specific national or international regulations, are in some way impeded. Generally the impediments include questions involving tariff numbers and customs duty coupled with environmental and health and shipping regulations. Many times, these questions arise because reference materials are shipped in small quantities and not used directly in commerce. 

The expense of proper disposal leads to the shipment of large amounts of e-waste to China, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, and other developing countries. Shipment is often through middlemen, and under tariff classifications that make quantities difficult to assess. There, despite the intents of national regulations and hazardous waste laws, most e-waste is treated as general refuse, or crudely processed, perhaps by burning or acid baths, to recover only a few materials of value. Harm to the environment, workers, and area residents is inevitable, often from release of dioxins, furans, and heavy metals. 

Lists of permitted antioxidants and foods in which antioxidants may be used are presented in national directives dealing with additives and contaminants and in duty tariffs. They are published in the special bulletins issued by the Ministries, European Parliament, FDA or analogous institutions and are publicly available. Nowadays they are often published on the Internet. These national regulations must be respected in international trade. They can be used or misused in the restraints on food exports and imports. 

Rules and Regulations for Transportation of Military Rxplosives and Hazardous Munitions by Ship , US Coast Guard, 400 7th St, NW, Washington, DC 20591 D) Tariff 6-D, "Official Air Transport Restricted Articles Tariff , published by C.C. Squire, Airline Tariff Publishers, Inc, Agent, 1825 "K ... 

Refs 1) Agent H.A. Campbell s Tariff No 10, Interstate Commerce Commission Regulations for Transportation of Explosives and Other Dangerous Articles by Land and Water , 30 Vesey St., New York 7, NY(1957) 2) R.M. 

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