Cell, stimulation agent

FIGURE 9.11 An example of a cellular system designed to study inflammatory processes related to asthma and arthritis. Multiple readouts (ELISA measurements) from each of four cell types are obtained under conditions of four contexts (mixture of stimulating agents). This results in a complex heat map of basal cellular activities that can be affected by compounds. The changes in the heat map (measured as ratios of basal to compound-altered activity) are analyzed statistically to yield associations and differences. 

Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents Agents developed by recombinant DNA technology that have the same biologic activity as endogenous erythropoietin to stimulate erythropoiesis (red blood cell production) in the bone marrow. 

Cotten M, Langle-Rouault F, Kirlappos H, Wagner E, Mechtler K, Zenke M, Beug H, Bimstiel ML (1990) Transferrin-polycation-mediated introduction of DNA into human leukemic cells stimulation by agents that affect the survival of transfected DNA or modulate transferrin receptor levels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 4033 4037... 

Figure 4.8. Hypothesis for the local generation of mast-cell-stimulating peptides by the action of neutrophil-derived enzymes on albumin. Initial stimulation of the mast cell by any of a variety of agents causes the release of preformed histamine (H) neutrophil and eosinophil chemotactic factors (NCF, ECF) and enzymes and the de novo synthesis of prostaglandins (PG) and leukotrienes (LT). These agents increase vascular permeability and vessel diameter. As a result, albumin and later neutrophils (PMN) enter the tissue space where the latter undergo phagocytosis and the secretion of proteolytic enzymes to the extracellular space where they act on albumin to generate NRP (neurotensin-related peptide) and HRP (histamine-releasing peptide). These newly formed peptides then act as a second stimulus to the mast cell. In addition NRP and HRP may affect other immunocompetent celt such as monocytes, macrophages or eosinophils.

Figure 17.33 Killing of myobacteria within a macrophage. Cytokines from ThI cells stimulate fusion of the phagosome, in which myobacteria thrive, with the lysosome, so that the mycobacteria are killed within the phagolysosome by the agents described above.

Relaxation of gastrointestinal smooth muscle can be brought about by both a- and 13-stimulant agents. Beta receptors appear to be located directly on the smooth muscle cells and mediate relaxation via hyperpolarization and decreased spike activity in these cells. Alpha stimulants, especially -selective agonists, decrease muscle activity indirectly by presynaptically reducing the release of acetylcholine and possibly other stimulants within the enteric nervous system (see... 

In normal healthy individuals, the spontaneous reduction of NBT dye by neutrophils is very low (less than 10% of the cells are positive). A low basal NBT response is an important negative control during the performance of any NBT test, as it monitors the non-stimulatory nature of the test reagents and procedure. Stimulated NBT tests are carried out as a positive control. By deliberately stimulating cells with specific stimulating agents, such as phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) one can activate cells from normal individuals to reduce NBT in a dose-responsive manner. 

M. Kwong, Y. W. Kan, and J. Y. Chan. The CNC basic leucine zipper factor Nrfl, is essential for cell stimulation to oxidative stress-inducing agents. Role for Nrfl in y-glutamylcysteine synthetase expression in mouse fibroblasts. J Biol Chem, 274 (52), 37491—37498, 1999. 

The number of known neurotransmitters has increased tremendously over the past several years. One of the earliest ones studied was acetylcholine, the most common neurotransmitter found in both invertebrates and vertebrates. It is the stimulating agent for skeletal muscle cells, but is the inhibiting agent for heart muscle cells, which demonstrates that the action of a neurotransmitter is influenced by the target receptor cells. Norepinephrine, a catecholamine, is an example of a... 

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is one of the gonadotrophin hormones (with FSH), secreted by the anterior pituitary and consists of double peptide chains. It causes the monthly ripening in one ovary of a follicle and stimulates ovulation. In men it facilitates the production of sperm in the testes (hence its alternative name, interstitial cell stimulating hormone, ICSH). It is used therapeutically with FSH in female infertility treatment. It is available, in combination with FSH, in human menopausal gonadotrophin. See OVULATION-INDUCING AGENTS,... 

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