Synthetic resins, treatment

Treatments with Chemicals or Resins. Resin treatments are divided into topical or chemical modifications of the fiber itself. Most chemical treatments of synthetic fibers are topical because of the inert character of the fiber itself and the general resistance of the fiber to penetration by reagents. By contrast, ceUulosics and wool possess chemical functionality that makes them reactive with reagents containing groups designed for such purchases. Natural fibers also provide a better substrate for nonreactive topical treatments because they permit better penetration of the reagents. 

Synthetic Resins. Various polymers and resins are utilized to produce some specialty carbon products such as glassy carbon or carbon foam and as treatments for carbon products. Typical resins include phenoHcs, furan-based polymers, and polyurethanes. These materials give good yields of carbon on pyrolysis and generally carbonize directly from the thermoset polymer state. Because they form Httle or no mesophase, the ultimate carbon end product is nongraphitizing. 

Synthetic resins are extremely widely used, both pre-boiler and postboiler. Pre-boiler, they are employed for basic MU water treatment (e.g., softening) and various higher quality purification processes (e.g. dealkalization and demineralization). Post-boiler applications are for condensate polishing. 

Canto and colleagues52 operated an integrated anoxic-aerobic treatment of wastewaters from a synthetic resin producing factory (Figure 19.9). These authors managed to treat up to 2.01 kg/m3 d COD and up to 0.93 kg/m3 d TKN with removal efficiencies of 80 to 95% and 58 to 93% for COD and TKN, respectively. 

Canto, M., Gomez, J., Kennes, C., and Veiga, M.C., Integrated anoxic-aerobic treatment of wastewaters from a synthetic resin producing factory, European Conference on New Advances in Biological Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal for Municipal or Industrial Wastewaters, Narbonne, France, October 12-14,1998. 

Stamm, A.J. and Seborg, R.M. (1936). Minimizing wood shrinkage and sweUing, treatment with synthetic resin forming materials. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 28(10), 1164-1169. 

Chlorinated (shrinkprool) wool showes a different coloristic behavior. Dye uptake and release is facilitated wetfastness is reduced. In contrast, an antifelt treatment with a synthetic resin hardly leads to any change in coloristic behavior. 

Some beer bottle manufacturers have added poly(vinyl alcohol) to the adhesive to ensure resistance to iced water yet retain washability in the bottling operation. Others have used the starch paste to extend the more water-resistant casein adhesives (0). Newer adhesives are being developed based on double treatments of starches such as hydroxyalkyl ethers of oxidized starch, blending these products with other specified polymers (12,13) or adding synthetic resins... 

The Kenner sulfonamide-based SC linker 1.27 was supported on PS resin (84) allowing the attachment of carboxylic acids or amino acids to the sulfonamide function. After synthetic elaboration, treatment with diazomethane produces the A-methylacylsulfonamide, which can be cleaved with nucleophiles such as 0.5 N NHs-dioxane or hydrazine-MeOH, 0.5 N NaOH, releasing amides, hydrazides, or carboxylic acids, respectively. A modification using iodoacetonitrile produces the more labile A-cyanomethyl derivative, which can be cleaved completely with stoichiometric amounts of amines to release the corresponding amides into solution. 

Hard water may also be softened by chemical treatment. In practice the use of giant organic molecules (synthetic resins) for de-ionizing water, described above, is restricted to industries requiring very pure water, as in making medicinal products. The zeolite,method is sometimes used on a large scale to treat the water for an entire city, but... 

Alternatives most frequently considered for taste and odor removal include breakpoint chlorination, aeration, ozonation, and oxidation with chlorine dioxide or potassium permanganate. None of these technologies have been found to approach the activated carbon adsorption process iri terms of effective treatment for this particular water quality problem. Another alternative is sorption onto other solids such as bleaching clays, synthetic resins or manganese dioxide. A brief summary of the advantages, disadvantages and cost factors associated with adsorption and alternative treatments for removal of tastes and odors... 

To overcome the restrictions of the Barium method, ammonium carbonate was, in some cases, replaced by anionic exchange resins that are less aggressive and enable the treatment of tempera even in the presence of copper pigments. It must be added that the reaction of anion exchange resins is restricted to the surface in contact with the resin. Furthermore, the first-stage transformation producing barium sulfate is left out and barium hydroxide is applied directly. This technique is convenient with the many restrictions imposed by preconsolidation by synthetic resins. 

Aromatic Solvmt. [Texaco] Aromatic solvents for paint, protective coatings, herbicide and pesticide carrier, synthetic resin mfg., degreasing, fuel additive treatment cleaning congrds., oilfield relics. 

Concentrated wastewaters with high BOD5 values (of the order of units of g 1, e.g. from the production of synthetic resins, extraction of caprolactam, sulphite waste liquors) must be sufficiently diluted before biological treatment. 

Synthetic resins may be either thermoplastic or thermosetting. Thermoplastic resins are sensitive to temperature (i.e., they will melt and flow at elevated temperatures and are generally soluble in a variety of neutral organic solvents). Thermosetting resins, on the other hand, will decompose before they will melt and are not truly soluble. Treatments with thermosetting resins are therefore completely irreversible, but sometimes their use cannot be avoided. Epoxy resins are the best examples of thermosetting resins used in conservation, particularly in architectural preservation, where their excellent strength properties are required for the repair of fully functional structural elements. 

Success of the treatment was judged on the basis of increases in production of additional oil. During the three-year period, these increases were obtained in 94% of all cases. These results demonstrate that coking of loose sand is much more effective than other methods, such as cementation with different synthetic resins. Best results were obtained in wells 797a, 843, 834, and 831. 

ADSORBENT - A material which has the ability to cause molecules of gases, liquids or solids to adhere to its internal surfaces without changing the adsorbent physically or chemically. In water treatment, a synthetic resin possessing the ability to attract and to hold charged particles. 

Choice of an appropiate surface treatment and a suitable primer are important because adhesion to the substrates presents difficulties [11.37]. Primers based on modified alkyd resins or two-pack epoxy-resins for derusted ferrous metals mainly contain zinc phosphate and zinc OKide as corrosion protection pigments. Nonferrous metals are first washed with an ammoniacal wetting agent before applying the primer that contains a binder based on synthetic resins (e.g., PVC copolymers, chlorinated rubber) which ensure good adhesion to the substrate. The same primer must be used on zinc or galvanized surfaces because the use of alkyd resins causes embrittlement [11.38] The primed surfaces are largely topcoated with alkyd resin systems. 

Sorbitan esters of fatty acids are well known as biodegradable water-in-oil emulsifiers which are particularly mild to the skin. They are used, inter alia, as emulsifiers for pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations, as pigment dispersants in coatings and inks and as emulsifier for mineral oils and white oils in defoamer, synthetic lubricant and metal treatment formulations. Sorbitan monolaurate is employed as an antifogging agent for synthetic resin films and sorbitan monostearate and sorbitan mononooleate as emulsifier for inverse emulsion polymerization. 

Limiting the scope for yarn movements by setting the fabric. Unlike synthetics, lyocell fabrics are not thermoplastic and so cannot be set with heat. However, there are wet finishing treatments that can fix yams so that they will retain a memory of their crease-free state. Resin treatments help in this respect but caustic setting is particularly relevant for lyocell. 

Meurgues, G. (1982). Errors of treatment. Synthetic resins can be dangerous. Museum, 34, 60-61. 

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