Synthetic fibres production

The classic researches of Wallace Hume Carothers on polymer synthesis started in the Du Pont (USA) in 1928 and bulk scale production of nylon 6 and nylon 6,6 started in 1939. J.R.Whinfield and J.T.Dickson discovered polyester in 1941 and was commercially manufactured by 1954. Yam texturising and spin draw yams produced at super high speeds have further increase the popularity of synthetic fibres [75, 76]. Polyster fibre accounts for more than 50% of the total synthetic fibre production. 

Reducing the need for landfill space Certain synthetic fibre products do not decompose, while natural fibre such as wool does decompose but produces methane which contributes to global warming. 

The company, a Sinopec affiliate, is the largest petrochemical complex in China with highly integrated production and operations of petroleum products, petrochemicals, synthetic fibres and plastics. At present it has a crude oil processing capacity of 8.80 million tons, an ethylene production capacity of 850 thousand tons, a petroleum products and petrochemicals production capacity of 4.5 million tons, a synthetic resins and plastics production capacity of 950 thousand tons, and a synthetic fibre raw materials and synthetic fibre production capacity of 1.15 million tons. It... 

Nylon A class of synthetic fibres and plastics, polyamides. Manufactured by condensation polymerization of ct, oj-aminomonocarboxylic acids or of aliphatic diamines with aliphatic dicarboxylic acids. Also rormed specifically, e.g. from caprolactam. The different Nylons are identified by reference to the carbon numbers of the diacid and diamine (e.g. Nylon 66 is from hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid). Thermoplastic materials with high m.p., insolubility, toughness, impact resistance, low friction. Used in monofilaments, textiles, cables, insulation and in packing materials. U.S. production 1983 11 megatonnes. 

As a representative example of our current technological dependency, we can consider the manufacture of the polyester, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and its use in the production of synthetic fibre for clothing, and to examine the extent to which it might be possible to replace PET fibre by an equivalent quantity of the natural fibre, wool. Some... 

This cost will depend on the nature of the product. For liquids collected at the site in the customer s own tankers the cost to the product would be small whereas the cost of packaging and transporting synthetic fibres or polymers to a central distribution warehouse would add significantly to the product cost. 

The trade name of a polyester fibre used as textile reinforcement for mbber in products such as tyres, belting and hose. It is a truly synthetic fibre made from polyethylene terephthalate, a condensation product of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. 

These dyes have affinity for one or, usually, more types of hydrophobic fibre and they are normally applied by exhaustion from fine aqueous dispersion. Although pure disperse dyes have extremely low solubility in cold water, such dyes nevertheless do dissolve to a limited extent in aqueous surfactant solutions at typical dyeing temperatures. The fibre is believed to sorb dye from this dilute aqueous solution phase, which is continuously replenished by rapid dissolution of particles from suspension. Alternatively, hydrophobic fibres can absorb disperse dyes from the vapour phase. This mechanism is the basis of many continuous dyeing and printing methods of application of these dyes. The requirements and limitations of disperse dyes on cellulose acetate, triacetate, polyester, nylon and other synthetic fibres will be discussed more fully in Chapter 3. Similar products have been employed in the surface coloration of certain thermoplastics, including cellulose acetate, poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene. 

Sulphuric acid is the largest volume chemical in the world with an annual production of about 180 mill, t/year which is used primarily for phosphate fertilizers, petroleum alkylation, copper ore leaching and in smaller quantities for a number of other purposes (pulp and paper, other acids, aluminium, titanium dioxide, plastics, synthetic fibres, dyestuffs, sulphonation etc.). The major sulphur sources for sulphuric acid production are sulphur recovered from hydrocarbon processing in the refineries and from desulphurisation of natural gas, SO2 from metallurgical smelter operations, spent alkylation acid, and to a minor extent mined elemental sulphur and pyrites. A simplified flow sheet of a modem double-absorption plant for sulphuric acid production from sulphur is shown in Fig. 1. 

Perhaps the most notable application of the Beckmann rearrangement is in the industrial production of 8-caprolactam from cyclohexanone (or its oxime), which is used as monomer for the polymerization to a polyamide for the production of synthetic fibres (for example, nylon 6). Furthermore, Beckmann rearrangement provides a facile route for the... 

Another well-known fluorescent chromophore that has found application in FBAs is naphthalimide. Product (3.63) is widely used in synthetic fibres, especially polyester and cellulose acetates and also in plastic applications. 

In the case of the naphthalimide fluorescent brightening agents (98) the most important commercial derivatives are the 4-alkoxy and 4-acylamino (e.g. R is methoxy). Substituent R is usually an alkyl group or an aminoalkyl group capable of quaternization. Thus the most interesting of the series is 4-methoxy-Af-methylnaphthalimide, which is an excellent product suitable for application to a variety of synthetic fibres. 

Synthetic fibres may be made from cellulose or plastics. Hilaire Chardonnet made the first synthetic fibre from cellulose in 1889. Wallace Carothers made the first plastic-based synthetic fibre nylon in 1935. Ladies stockings were the first articles to be made of nylon. Second World War gave a boost to the production of nylon. 

The formation of the steel/synthetic fibre/rubber agglomerates is a by-product of the milling process and in part the tyre manufacturing process. The steel belts used in auto... 

Although a number of air separation units, other than as shown by Fig. 1, were reported by our client to be available and trialled, none were reported as being able to adequately remove the entwined synthetic fibre from the steel fibre to release the rubber product, and separate the synthetic fibre from the steel fibre. 

The use of a vertical venturi separator was successfully used to clean steel and synthetic fibres from rubber crumb produced from an automotive tyre recycling plant. The major advantage of the venturi separator was an inherent positive feedback loop that exists at the throat. If more material was introduced to the throat then a higher velocity was generated at the throat to help retain particles (dependant upon air mover characteristics). The more conventional cleaning units observed had a negative feedback inherent in their design, with an increased local load of product the air velocity would... 

Ca is a constant having the value of approximately 8 GPa for viscose-rayon yam. De Vries also investigated some other synthetic fibres his values for the constant Ca were found to be proportional to EjSO, so that the product CaS SO is a constant ... 

In textiles, product lines include synthetic fibre (Toray Nylon), polyester (Toray Tetoron), and acrylic (Toray Toraylon). 

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