Continuous Replenishment

Continuous replenishment offers both retailers and their suppliers the opportunity to manage their inventory in a more efficient manner (Mitchell, 1997 PE 

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Replenishment should be done with caie. Massive additions can cause decomposition. Maximum stability of electroless baths is obtained when continuous replenishment is practiced. Colorimetric analy2ers are commonly used to control the addition of replenisher solutions in a set ratio based on the nickel or copper content of the bath. A number of machines are available that continuously analy2e plating baths and make additions based on each separately analy2ed component. 

Since the electrophilic reagent attacks the multiply-bonded nitrogen atom, as shown for (68) and (69), the orientation of the reaction product is related to the tautomeric structure of the starting material. However, any conclusion regarding tautomeric equilibria from chemical reactivity can be misleading since a minor component can react preferentially and then be continually replenished by isomerization of the major component. 

When it is necessary that the same copolymer composition is maintained throughout the entire reaction, it is necessary that one of the monomers in the reaction vessel be continually replenished in order to maintain the relative rates of consumption. This is less necessary where r and rj both approximate to unity ind 50/50 compositions cire desired. 

This can be considered to be the case when using alkali ion conductors. But classical promotion by species like O2 or H+ does not appear to be experimentally feasible, due to the experimental difficulty of introducing them under controlled conditions from the gas phase. Also their short lifetime under reaction conditions essentially limits their usefulness only to situations where they can be continuously replenished on the catalyst surface, i.e. only to electrochemical promotion. 

The production of steel begins when iron ore is fed into a blast furnace (Fig. 16.39). The furnace, which is approximately 40 m high, is continuously replenished from the top with a mixture of ore, coke, and limestone. Each kilogram of iron produced requires about 1.75 kg of ore, 0.75 kg of coke, and 0.25 kg of limestone. The limestone, which is primarily calcium carbonate, undergoes thermal decomposition to calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide. The calcium oxide, which contains the Lewis base O2", helps to remove the acidic (nonmetal oxide) and amphoteric impurities from the ore ... 

Figure 4. Evolution of the (N2/N1) ratio in a reservoir in the two cases of closed system evolution (as a function of t/T2, where t is the time since fractionation), or in an open-system, steady-state reservoir (the steady-state (N2/N1) ratio is plotted as a function of x/ T2, where x is the residence time of the magma in the reservoir). Initial fractionation results in an arbitrarily chosen ratio of 2, which is kept constant for the iirfluent magma in the continuously replenished reservoir. The diagram shows that radioactive equilibrium is reached sooner in a closed system evolution. It also illustrates the fact that the radioactive parent-daughter pair should be chosen such as T2 is commensmate with the residence time of the magma in the reservoir (e.g., x/ T2 between 0.1 and 10). If T2 is much longer than the residence time x, then the (N2/N1) ratio will remain close to the initial value (here 2). If T2 is much shorter than x, equilibrium will be nearly established in the reservoir.

Model of Pb, Bi, and Po degassing. For a purpose of clarity, it is considered here that the degassing reservoir has reached a chemical steady-state (i.e., radionuclide activities in the degassing reservoir are constant, that is d(Ik)iydt = 0 in Eqn. 4). This assumption usually is valid for very active basaltic systems like Stromboli, where erupted products display an almost constant chemical composition as shown above, and where the degassing reservoir is quickly and continuously replenished with deep undegassed magma. 

Further constraints can be obtained by systematic studies of the evolution of U-series disequilibria through time in a given volcano. The number of works considering the evolution of ( °Th/ U) or ( °Th/ Th) ratios is very small, but it appears that, in the studied basaltic volcanoes from oceanic islands (Marion, Mauna Kea, Piton de la Fournaise), these ratios remain nearly constant with time. This suggests that the residence time of the magmas in these continuously replenished magma chambers is short... 

Continuous generation simply means that the intermediate is continuously replenished by some method and examined under pseudoequilibrium conditions. For instance, Whyman (4) was able, using a special IR cell working at high pressure and temperature, to monitor the behavior of several species of importance in the thermal hydro formyl at ion catalytic cycle. Similarly, Koemer von Gustorf and colleagues (5) have monitored the photochemical... 

These dyes have affinity for one or, usually, more types of hydrophobic fibre and they are normally applied by exhaustion from fine aqueous dispersion. Although pure disperse dyes have extremely low solubility in cold water, such dyes nevertheless do dissolve to a limited extent in aqueous surfactant solutions at typical dyeing temperatures. The fibre is believed to sorb dye from this dilute aqueous solution phase, which is continuously replenished by rapid dissolution of particles from suspension. Alternatively, hydrophobic fibres can absorb disperse dyes from the vapour phase. This mechanism is the basis of many continuous dyeing and printing methods of application of these dyes. The requirements and limitations of disperse dyes on cellulose acetate, triacetate, polyester, nylon and other synthetic fibres will be discussed more fully in Chapter 3. Similar products have been employed in the surface coloration of certain thermoplastics, including cellulose acetate, poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene. 

In other regimes more suited to circulation cell electrolyses, the reactant concentration is maintained constant by continuous replenishment. In a constant potential configuration with a potential value corresponding to a surface concentration of A equal to zero, build up of the B concentration in the bulk solution is simply proportional to time (see Section 6.2.6) ... 

Measuring the amount of water vapor passed through the furnace is possible only by feeding the water condensate into a graduated measuring cylinder instead of draining it back into blask A . To compensate for the evaporated water, flask A has to be continuously replenished by a drop feeder. 

The organic pollutant species diffusing from the source reservoir must be continuously replenished while the mass of the organic pollutant species diffusing into the collection reservoir is continuously removed in order to maintain a constant concentration difference across the sample. This is shown as the pollutant flushing system in Fig. 4 a, b. 

Examples for such techniques are found in sulfur dyeing for black shades and in a special form in indigo dyeing for denim, where a continuous replenishment of the dyebath is performed for a long period of production. 

A fuel cell is a kind of voltaic cell that is designed for the continuous replenishment of the consumed reactants. A very common kind of fuel cell produces electricity directly from hydrogen and oxygen. For this type of fuel cell, water is the product. 

A similar effect is also demonstrated by the well-known Aharonov-Bohm effect [21,23],11 but usually in only very small effects, without the pingpong effect, and not used in power systems. By analogy, we may compare this iterative process to dipping several buckets of water in succession from a mighty rushing river the river refills the hole immediately after each dipping. We can continue to extract bucket after bucket of water from the same spatial volume in the river, because of the continual replenishment of the extracted water by the river s flow. 

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