Synchronization signals

Temporal diversification is managed by the voter through the irrterrupt mechanism software and the synchronization signals. Diversification is irrterrded to protect the shared modes as all three applications use the same rrricroprocessor arrd the same software. 

The synchronization signals (IT VO) exchanged between the voter cards have a dual role  

The synchronization signals (IT AP) broadcast from the voter cards to the application cards allow synchronization of the operations of the application cards. 

The synchronization signals ensure that the outputs will not be emitted before the end of voting. These internal CSD mechanisms replace the basic mechanisms of the operating system (OS). The cyclical process, the control of the clocks and the voters ensure safety independendy from the OS. There is no particular constraint on the OS at the CSD level and a commercial VRTX core may be used. 

The voter is master and triggers the start of the CAP application cycle through the IT CAP, as well as authorizing the physical outputs and, therefore, the transfer to the coupler through a priority hardware interrupt (IT GCR). 

---

Some power supply control ICs have synchronization inputs for this purpose. For those ICs which have an oscillator, but not a synchronization pin, the circuit in Figure 3-55 can be used. The frequency on the IC must be set lower than the synchronization signal. The sync signal causes the oscillator to prematurely time-out. 

Dedicated TCSPC electronics is used in all practical TCSPC-FLIM implementations [21, 22]. There are several issues that should be noted. First of all, the lifetime acquisition has to be synchronized with the scanning of the confocal or multiphoton microscope. To this end, the pixel clock and often the line and frame synchronization signals of the scanning microscope are used. 

An important point is the synchronized execution of the automata Ri, Pi and Ri- They obviously share the same signals/(Ti) and s(T2). In order to ensure correct execution, it is important that both transitions enabled by/(Ti) are taken at the same time. For the same reason, both transitions enabled by s(Ti) must be taken synchronously. Both signals act in this context as synchronization signals. Synchronized transitions share the same synchronization signals and thus must be taken at the same time. Evolutions in which one of them is taken alone are not possible. Note that many implementations of TA support binary synchronizations only. 

Figure 7.3 Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli helped Carl G. Jung develop the theory of synchronicity, signaling the willingness of scientists to reinvestigate the occult. (Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works)...

The direct interpretation of the signals from several detectors in SEC experiments has been analysed. It is clear that the direct interpretation of the synchronized signals from detectors having... 

Since source modulation and synchronous signal demodulation are practically essential in both AAS and AFS, and most other instrumental requirements are common to both techniques, it should come as no surprise to hear that the majority of AFS determinations have been performed using instrumentation designed primarily for AAS.42... 

Figure 6. (a) Fluorescence spectrum of a mixture of naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, perylene, ana tetracene (Xga. = 258 nm). (b) Synchronous signal (AX = 3 nm) of the same mixture. 

A synchronization signal modulated onto the transceiver s signal allows the chip to respond with its ID code (a serial sequence of ID bits) and error-checking bits. The time elapsed between placing the chip on the transceiver and seeing the ID code on the interfaced computer screen is about 0.5 s. 

A comprehensive overview of frequency-domain DOT techniques is given in [88]. Particular instraments are described in [166, 347, 410]. It is commonly believed that modulation techniques are less expensive and achieve shorter acquisition times, whereas TCSPC delivers a better absolute accuracy of optical tissue properties. It must be doubted that this general statement is correct for any particular instrument. Certainly, relatively inexpensive frequency-domain instruments can be built by using sine-wave-modulated LEDs, standard avalanche photodiodes, and radio or cellphone receiver chips. Instruments of this type usually have a considerable amplitude-phase crosstalk". Amplitude-phase crosstalk is a dependence of the measured phase on the amplitude of the signal. It results from nonlinearity in the detectors, amplifiers, and mixers, and from synchronous signal pickup [6]. This makes it difficult to obtain absolute optical tissue properties. A carefully designed system [382] reached a systematic phase error of 0.5° at 100 MHz. A system that compensates the amplitude-phase crosstalk via a reference channel reached an RMS phase error of 0.2° at 100 MHz [370]. These phase errors correspond to a time shift of 14 ps and 5.5 ps RMS, respectively. 

In order to have defined loads for the comparison of measured results with the calculated values, the weight of the test train and its distribution was determined. The deceleration of the train was registered in every second wagon with accelerometers. Strain gauges on the rails monitored the passing by of the axles and the stop position of the train was recorded. For synchronization, signals were sent to the train when it passed a special cross section. 

The interlock mechanism of EP/3 uses both asynchronous and synchronous signals to control the components. This demonstrates that ITL is suitable for describing both synchronous circuits and asynchronous circuits. In (Cau and Zedan 1997) explicit constructs for both synchronous and asynchronous communication have been defined. 

Human movement is a result of complex and highly coordinated mechanical interaction between bones, muscles, ligaments, and joints using nerve synchronization signals. It has always been a field of interest to understand mobility disorders resulting from obesity, stroke, chronic pulmonary disease, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson s disease... 

Cellular Phones. GPS technology is critical for operating cellular phones. GPS provide accurate time that is used in synchronizing signals with base stations. If the phone has GPS capabihty built into it, as many smart phones do, it can be used to locate a mobile cell phone making an emergency call. The... 

Asynchronous A circuit whose response is directly initiated by the input without depending on a synchronizing signal. 

Synchronous A circuit that will not respond to the input without the occurrence of a synchronizing signal. 

In monochrome television transmission, two basic synchronizing signals are provided to control the timing of picture-scanning deflection horizontal sync pulses at the Hne rate and vertical sync pulses at the field rate in the form of an interval of wide horizontal sync pulses at the field rate. Included in the interval are equalizing pulses at twice the Hne rate to preserve interlace in each frame between the even and odd fields (offset by a half-Hne). 

Free running An oscillator that is not controlled by an external synchronizing signal. 

Master clock An accurate timing device that generates a synchronous signal to control other clocks or equipment. 

---