Loads defined

Although the curves in Figures 13-15 were developed for transient loads defined by total applied forces and inpulses, we could as easily have developed them by initially specifying an applied pressure transient loading, with its accompanying specific impulse, plus a loaded area. So, the concept certainly applies to simple structures under blast loading. The inportant inferences to be drawn from the simple- analyses are that structures respond primarily to peak overpressure if their vibration periods are much shorter than the blast duration, while they respond primarily to specific impulse if their vibration periods are much longer than the blast duration. 

The design of support structures (not covered by this Code) and of supporting elements (see definitions of piping and pipe-supporting elements in para. GR-1.5) shall be based on all concurrently acting loads transmitted into such supports. These loads, defined in para. IP-2.1, include weight effects, loads introduced by service pressures and temperatures, vibration, wind, earthquake, shock, and displacement strain [see para. IP-6.1.3(a)]. 

Another important parameter is the liquid loading defined as the fraction of the pore volume of the support filled with melt. The activity of a catalyst increases proportional to the liquid loading (which is proportional to the vanadium... 

The morphological parameter C which controls the damaging effect of cracks appears to depend only on the crack density and the crack radius. In the case of cracks, the macroscopic mechanical loading defined by Ii or p is expected to induce a strong heterogeneity of the mechanical affinity, due to the stress/strain concentration in the vicinity of the crack tips. 

The flow pattern in a horizontal gas-solid pipe flow varies with the solids concentration. In a horizontal pipe flow at a given gas flow rate, the following flow patterns sequentially occur as the particle loading, defined as the mass flow ratio of particles to gas, increases ... 

C-factor, a parameter describing vapor load, defined by Eq. (6.4), fVs. 

The load factors applicable to emergency loads differ from those applicable to operating loads, because the emergency loads define extreme loads which cannot be exceeded. For example in most cases the major emergency load is the hoist rope break load. This load is well known, so the load factor applied is 1,05. 

The relationship of vapor and liquid under spray was observed by Sakata and Yanagi (1979) for the sieve tray As the liquid rate reduces beyond a certain amount corresponding to weir loading of 2gpm/in. (gpm is gallons per minute), vapor rate must reduce to maintain the same entrainment rate. This reducing trend of both vapor and hquid rates under very small weir loading defines the spray phenomenon. This trend is different from the tray flood phenomenon under which vapor rate increases as liquid load reduces. 

Such systems can be solved by program packages such as SANDYS, SABER, DYMOLA etc.. In that approach the mechanical boundary conditions are defined by the mechanical load conditions. The rod ends can be clamped, free or attached to some load defined by a network of passive mechanical components. In a more general case dehvered forces and/or displacements can be prescribed explicitly. 

Now we employ this model to compute the membrane deformation due to contact with a spherical particle considering a predefined contact angle 6. Based on this deformation, we can compute the unknown parameters discussed in Section 5.5, and evaluate the equilibrium forces. In the following example, we consider a square membrane of dimensions 5L X 5L, in contact with a rigid sphere of radius = L fsee Figure 5.9). Ihe membrane is deformed under the distributed contact line load defined in Equation (5.32), applied along the contact line. Due to the symmetry of the system, it is enough to run the computations for one quarter of the system, after... 

In order to determine the effective elasticity matrix E, it is necessary in general to apply six linearly independent loadings defined by linear displacement and constant traction boundary conditions. For a material such as that considered here, which is assumed to be macroscopically isotropic, two constants completely define the macroscopic response, and these can be obtained from a single test. In particular, the two material constants used are the bulk and shear moduli, whose effective values are given by (1.39). 

---