SWIFT-WFD

We acknowledge the financial support of the European Commission (Contracts EVK1-CT-2002-00119 http //www.port.ac.uk/stamps/ and SSPI-CT-2003-502492 and http //www.swift-wfd.com/) and the Slovak Research and Development Agency (Contract SK-ZA-0006-07). 

SWIFT-WFD, 2006 (FP 6 project funded by DG Research). Report of performances evaluation of screening methods (Deliverable D43) available on the website ( swift-wfd.com). 

Mr Stephan Forster and Ms Christina Rauber (formerly HMGU) are acknowledged for immunoanalysis of water samples during proficiency tests and tank experiments. Many thanks to Dr Natalie Guigues (BRGM, Orleans, France) and to Dr Ian Allan (University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom) for providing us samples from the tank experiments. In part, this research was funded by EU project SWIFT-WFD (SSPI-CT-2003-502492). 

In view of support to the implementation of the EC WFD (European Commission, 2000) in situ biomonitoring was performed along the rivers Meuse (at the RIZA monitoring station in Eijsden, NL), Aller (DE) and Rhine (at the APRONA monitoring station in Huningue, FR) within the frame of the European Union-funded Project SWIFT-WFD. Gammarus pulex, a detritus feeder, was used as a test organism. 

The Musselmonitor took part in the same exposure trials for the EC Project SWIFT-WFD as discussed under Case 1. At the RIZA monitoring station Eijsden the in situ version of the early warning system was immersed directly in the River Meuse alongside the floating monitoring station during the period 5 April-20 May 2005 due to technical problems in data storage the evaluation was limited to a 4 weeks period 22 April-20 May 2005. A set of 8 zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) was used as primary sensor. 

The variation of sensitivity between different sensors was also checked. Calibration curves with five different sensors were performed. A Relative Standard Deviation of 13, 13 and 42% of calibration slopes (sensitivity) were obtained for Cu, Pb and Cd respectively. These variations should have limited consequence on bias and precision when the standard addition method is used. However, for Cd, variations in the limit of quantification between two electrodes could be expected. Finally, the accuracy of the method was evaluated by the measurement of a SWIFT reference material used during the 2nd SWIFT-WFD Proficiency Testing exercise (Table 4.2.2). The reference value was chosen as the consensus value of the selected data population obtained after excluding the outliers. The performances of the device were estimated according to the Z-score (Z) calculation. Based on this score, results obtained with the SPEs/PalmSens method were consistent with those obtained by all methods for Pb and Cu ( Z < 2) while the result was less satisfactory for Cd (2 < Z < 3). 

This section aims to provide some illustrative examples of how information provided by the SPEs/PalmSens in field conditions can be useful in the frame of the WFD. These results were obtained during field trials organized within the SWIFT-WFD project. The first example highlights the ability of the sensor to assess spatial variability of metal concentration in a river system of average quality conditions. The second one aims to demonstrate how the device can help to assess the temporal variability in case of a simulated accidental metal pollution scenario. 

We acknowledge financial support from the Sixth Framework Programme of the European Union (Contract SSPI-CT-2003-502492 http //www.swift-wfd.com). We also thank Nel Frijns and the RIZA monitoring team in Eijsden (The Netherlands), the local Environmental Agency (in the Aller) for permission to work. Finally, we thank all the partners in the SWIFT-WFD consortium who carried out reference measurements, prepared the reference materials, participated in the proficiency testing and in field studies. 

Belfatmi el al., 2005) in water and of PAH metabolites in the urine of PAH exposed persons (Algarra el al., 2000 Lamotte el al., 2003) at sub ppb level. In this chapter we describe the application of this method in a field monitoring trial conducted on the bank of the River Meuse, where river water was pumped into a tank and fortified by the addition of a controlled flow of a stock solution containing a mixture of PAHs. This test was conducted in Eijsden (NL) from 22 April to 27 April 2005 and was a part of a field trial that formed part of the European Union Project SWIFT-WFD (Screening method for Water data InFormation in support of the Implementation of the Water Framework Directive). This project involved the simultaneous testing of a number of commercially available and prototype monitoring tools under natural river conditions. 

Prichard, 2005. Guidelines for laboratories carrying out measurements where the results will be used to implement the WFD (2000/60/EC), Elisabeth Prichard, LGC Deliverable D12 of EU 6th Framework Project SWIFT-WFD (Contract no. SSPI-CT-2003-502492) http //www.swiftwfd.com/document.php7project = swift locale = en levell = menul swift d4d62076d3b01800 7 level2 = l doc = delivrable public access Accessed 30.11.2008. 

SWIFT, WFD EU RTD FP6 Project, SSPICT-2003-502492, Selection of representative sites used in the SWIFT project available on the web site of the project ( http //www.swift-wfd.com). 

Table 5.1.1 Quality control materials produced within the SWIFT-WFD Project... 

The pesticide pills intended for spiking RM08 were provided by IRMM through the producer Institute Pasteur de Lille (IPL, France) which developed and patented this new technology (WARP project, 2002-2004). Detailed description of the preparation of the materials is given in the following sections. Full information on the three sets of SWIFT-WFD RMs is reported in public project deliverables (Deliverable 10, Deliverable 13 and Deliverable 14) that can be freely downloaded from the project website (www.swift-wfd.com). 

The suitability of the quality control tools prepared under the SWIFT-WFD project was proved from the homogeneity and stability studies carried out on all materials. Table 5.1.3 summarizes the tested analytes for each material, the institution responsible for the analysis, and the analytical technique and sample intake used. 

The RMs for inorganic analytes were prepared following well established procedures, already in use since several years. On the contrary, novel approaches for the preparation of RMs for analysis of organic compounds in water (PAHs and pesticides) were explored and tested through the SWIFT-WFD PT campaigns, with a positive outcome of the results obtained. These data could serve for future developments in the field of RMs for organic compounds in water. Such quality control tools are, at present, missing because of still unsolved technical difficulties related to the stability of these substances in the water matrix. 

The production of SWIFT-WFD RMs had a valuable impact in the evaluation of European laboratories performances using both classical and screening methods for four classes of analytes trace elements, major components, PAHs, pesticides. The produced RMs allowed the evaluation of analytical performances at EU level at different levels of concentration, in different matrices (river water, spring water) with different composition. 

The results obtained within the SWIFT-WFD project, dealing with the preparation of water reference materials, will contribute to the future developments of such materials, especially for the analysis of pesticides and PAHs at low concentration levels. The two different strategies employed, direct fortification in the laboratory by using spiking solutions following detailed protocols, and fortification of the material before dispatch, led to homogeneous and satisfactory stable reference materials for quality control purposes. 

The European Commission is kindly acknowledged for the funding of the activity carried out under the SWIFT-WFD project, contract no SSPI - CT - 2003 - 502492. 

Brunori C., Ipolyi I., Pellegrino C., et al., 2007. The SWIFT-WFD Proficiency Testing campaigns in support of implementing the EU Water Framework Directive. Trends Anal. Chern., 23, 993-1004. 

Muntau H, 2005. SWIFT-WFD Project Third Sampling Campaign River Basin... 

SWIFT-WFD project, 2004. Screening methods for Water data Information in support of the implementation of the Water Framework Directive. 6th Framework Programme, contract number SSPI-CT-2003-502492 (2004-2007). 

Discussion of the Results Obtained by SMETs for the SWIFT-WFD PT Schemes... 

For this aim, three proficiency testing (PT) campaigns were organized within the SWIFT-WFD project, mainly dedicated to the determination of the list of priority pollutants annexed to the WFD. The SWIFT-WFD PT campaigns, one per year for three years, were organized on 17 reference materials (RMs) including 5 matrix RMs at natural concentration levels, 3 at low fortified concentration levels, 4 at fortified concentration levels, and 5 multi-analyte blind standard solutions, targeting the analysis of... 

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