Sweetening agents sweeteners

CgH]2N202. Colourless crystals m.p. 171-172°C. Used as a sweetening agent, dulcitol, Calcohol from galac-... 

C (decomp.) It is made by the oxidation of toluene-o-sulphonamide with alkaline permanganate. Saccharin has about 550 times the sweetening power of sucrose, and is used extensively as a sweetening agent, usually in the form of the sodium salt. The use of saccharin is restricted in the U.S. 

Most bulk food ingredients, eg, flour, fats and oils, and nutritive sweeteners (qv) such as sugar (qv), are excluded from the food additive category. In a few cases, substances that are used in relatively large quantities, eg, dietary fiber (qv) and bulking agents, are included herein because these have been the focus of market and technology developments. 

Larch arabinogalactan is approved in 21 CFR 172.610 as a food additive for use as an emulsifier, stabilizer, binder or bodying agent for essential oils and noimutritive sweeteners, flavor bases, nonstandardized dressings, and pudding mixes. It has also been used in the preparation of cosmetic and pharmaceutical dispersions and as an emulsifier in oil—water emulsions (69). Industrially, the main use has been in Hthography as a gum arabic substitute. 

Methyl acetoacetate (MAA) and ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) are the most widely used esters they are found ia the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and allied industries. Both esters are used extensively as amine protecting agents ia the manufacture of antibiotics and synthetic sweeteners (Dane Salts) (147). Principal outiets for MAA are the manufacture of the organophosphoms insecticide dia2inon [33341-5] (148,149) and the uracil herbicides bromacil [31440-9] and terbacil [5902-51-2] (150,151) (see Insect conztiol technology Herbicides). 

Other Uses. Other appHcations for sodium nitrite include the syntheses of saccharin [81-07-2] (see Sweeteners), synthetic caffeine [58-08-2] (22), fluoroaromatics (23), and other pharmaceuticals (qv), pesticides (qv), and organic substances as an inhibitor of polymerization (24) in the production of foam blowing agents (25) in removing H2S from natural gas (26) in textile dyeing (see Textiles) as an analytical reagent and as an antidote for cyanide poisoning (see Cyanides). 

Acid-modified starches are used in the manufacture of gum candies because they form hot concentrated pastes that form strong gels on cooling. ThermaUzed starches are used in foods to bind and carry flavors and colors. Sweetening agents (com symp, HFCS) are made from starch by enzymatic or acid treatment as previously noted. 

Sucrose, commonly known as sugar, has been used as a natural sweetening agent for almost 4000 years. It is isolated from sugarbeet beta vulgaris) in Europe and from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) in the tropics. Its total world production in 1994—1995 was 116 million metric tons. 

The isothiazole ring does not occur in nature. By far the most important synthetic isothiazole derivative is saccharin. This was the first non-carbohydrate sweetening agent to be discovered, as long ago as 1879. It is about 300 times as sweet as sucrose, and is still used in many countries as a non-nutritive sweetener. After it was found that administration of massive doses to rats caused bladder cancer, its use was banned in the New World, but the controversy continues as to whether there is any danger when it is used in small quantity. Saccharin is also used as an additive in electroplating processes (73AHC(15)233). 

The Lo-Cat process can be used to sweeten or convert H2S to sulfur. It removes H2S only and will not remove CO2, COS, CS2, or mercaptans. Iron is held in dilute solution (high circulation rates) by the common chelating agent EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid). The iron oxidizes the H2S to sulfur. The solution is circulated batchwise to an oxidizer for regeneration. 

Eosin Flavonoids Morin Flavonol, fisetin, robinetin Quercetin Rutin condensation products of urea, formaldehyde and methanol [126], pesticide derivatives [127] sweetening agents [128, 129] anion-active and nonionogenic surface-active agents [130] steroids, pesticides [29,132, 133] pesticides [134—137] vanadium in various oxidation states [138] uracil derivatives [139]... 

Pinacryptol yellow surface-active agents [147 — 151] carbamate-based insecticides and herbicides [152] organic anions [153] sweeteners [129, 154]... 

Siiss-stofF, m. sweet substance sweetening agent, dulcifier, specif, saccharin, -waren, f.pL confectionery, sweete. -wasser, n. fresh water, -wasserablagerung, /. fresh-water deposit, -wein, m. sweet wine. 

The —CO—NH - link shown in the red box is called a peptide bond, and each monomer used to form a peptide is called a residue. A typical protein is a polypeptide chain of more than a hundred residues joined through peptide bonds and arranged in a strict order. When only a few amino acid residues are present, we call the molecule an oligopeptide. The artificial sweetening agent aspartame is a type of oligopeptide called a dipeptide because it has two residues. 

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