Tabletop

Umstadter D P, Barty C, Perry M and Mourou G A 1998 Tabletop, ultrahigh intensity lasers dawn of nonlinear relativistic optics Opt. Photon. News 9 41... 

Saccharin. Sacchatin [81-07-2] C H NO S, which is approximately 300 times as sweet as sucrose ia coaceatratioas up to the equivaleat of a 10% sucrose solutioa, has beea used commercially as a nonnutritive sweeteaer siace before 1900, predomiaanfly ia carboaated soft drioks, tabletop sweeteaers, and dietetic foods marketed primarily to diabetics. In 1977, the FDA proposed a ban on sacchatin because of its association with bladder cancer ia laboratory animals. At the time, it was the only commercially available nonnutritive sweetener, and pubflc outcry led to a delay of the ban, which was officially withdrawn ia 1991. Instead, the FDA required that warning labels be placed on all foods that contained the iagredient. Although sacchatin is heat stable, the pubflc debate over its safety, as well as the fact that approximately one-third of the population perceives it to have a bitter aftertaste, has limited its use. 

Acesulfame K. Acesulfame K [55589-62-3] C H NO S -K, is an oxathia2iae derivative approximately 200 times as sweet as sucrose at a 3% concentration ia solutioa (70). It is approved for use as a nonnutritive sweeteaer ia 25 couatties (71), and ia the United States has approval for use in chewing gum, confectionery products, dry mixes for beverages, puddings, gelatins, and dairy product analogues, and as a tabletop sweetener (72). 

Early laminates tended to be small because available presses were small, and their original uses were to replace small parts such as the natural mica insulator boards used in radio chasses. As decorative laminates evolved from industrial laminates and the size grew to serve markets such as tabletops, countertops, and wall paneling, laminate dimensions tended to fall into the typical building module ratio of about two length to one cross, such as 2 x 4s,... 

Abbott Laboratories, which has conducted additional toxicity and carcinogenicity studies with cyclamate, a 10 1 mixture of cyclamate—saccharin, and cyclohexylamine, claimed to be unable to confirm the 1969 findings. Abbott then filed a food additive petition for cyclamate in 1973, which was denied by the FDA in 1980. In 1982, the Calorie Control Council and Abbott Laboratories filed a second food additive petition containing the results of additional safety studies (73). That petition was stiU pending as of 1996. Cyclamate is, however, allowed for use in any or all three categories, ie, food, beverage, and tabletop, in about 50 countries. Sweet n Low, known in the United States as a saccharin-based table-top sweetener, contains exclusively cyclamate in Canada. 

One-Step Cameras and Processors. The eadiest one-step cameras used roU film and completed processing inside a dark chamber within the camera (9). The first instant color film, Polacolor, was provided in roU film format to fit these cameras. Flat-pack film cameras (Fig. 2), introduced in 1963, permitted the film to be drawn between processing rollers and out of the camera before processing was completed (10). Film holders for instant 10 X 13 cm (4x5 in.) film packets contain retractable rollers that permit the film to be loaded without mpturing the pod (11). For 20 x 25 cm (8 x 10 in.) films, the processing rollers are part of a tabletop processor. The exposed film, contained in a protective black envelope, and a positive sheet with pod attached are inserted into separate slots of a tray that leads into the processor. The film passes through the rollers into a covered compartment within which processing is completed. 

Neotame is used in tabletop sweeteners, frozen desserts, chewing gum, candy, baked goods, fruit spreads, and ready-to-eat cereals. 

Acesulfame potassium is a noncaloric sweetener that is two hundred times sweeter than sugar. It is used in tabletop sweeteners, toothpastes, soft drinks, desserts, baked goods, and canned foods. 

Sucralose is used in a wide variety of no-calorie and low-calorie foods, such as tabletop sweeteners, baked goods, desserts, toothpastes, mouthwashes, and diet drinks. 

Each beat of the human heart uses about 1 J of energy, and to raise this book (of mass close to 1.5 kg) from the floor to a tabletop about 0.97 m above the floor requires about 14 J (Fig. A.6). Because energy changes in chemical reactions tend to be of the order of thousands of joules for the amounts usually studied, it is more common in chemistry to use the kilojoule (kj, where 1 kj = 103 J). 

FIGURE A.6 The energy required lo raise the book that vou are now reading from floor to tabletop is approximately 14 ). The same energy would be released if the book fell from tabletop to floor. 

Removing an electron from a nucleus increases the electrical potential energy. Lifting a backpack from the floor to a tabletop increases the gravitational potential energy. 

Inferred from this model is the relative independence of the effects of solubility and partitioning. For each property there is a characteristic threshold above which the log of the flux increases more slowly than below it, and the value of the threshold for one variable is not very dependent on the value of the other variable. This tabletop perspective has led to the name mesa model. The relative independence signifies that neither property can totally compensate for a deficiency in the other. This is not to say that these properties are independent of one another in a chemical sense—quite the contrary. However, in the hypothetical sense that if one property were varied independently of the other, then the consequences on flux are relatively independent. Clearly dependence... 

Rick is making a glass cover for the top of a round end table. The diameter of the table is 36 inches. What will be the approximate area of the glass cover for the tabletop ... 

Electron microscope Knife breaker Light-tight darkroom Tabletop centrifuge Ultramicrotome Water bath, 45°C Wire loop oftungsten or platinum... 

The top of a bookcase or tabletop exposed to the sun soon shows a thin surface of dust. It s not just that sunlight makes the dust more visible rather, it is because light from the sun actually promotes the collection of the dust. 

We saw in Chapter 2 how Coulomb s law states that charges of the opposite sign attract each other. We call this an electrostatic attraction. In consequence, the charges on the dust and tabletop are mutually attractive, so the dust no longer floats past the table but forms a weak electrostatic bond with it. The amount of dust on the table will, therefore, be much greater than would be suggested by a mere statistical consideration of dust accumulation. 

X. Emergency program training, drills, and tabletop exercises... 

Equipment PCR machine, scintillation counter, tabletop centrifuge, temperature-controlled water baths, equipment for horizontal and vertical electrophoresis, UV-illuminator, phosphor imager, automatic DNA sequencer, vacuum dot-blot manifold (Schleicher and Schuell). PCR 0.5 ml hot-start mbes, aerosol resistant pipette rips, autoclaved Eppendorf tubes (all from Fischer Scientific, Brightwaters, NY) and glassware, diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC, Sigma)-treated solutions. 

For precipitation of DNA and RNA, add 10% of the volume sodium acetate, pH 7 or 5.2, respectively. Add four parts of ice-cold 98% ethanol and mix well. Add 1 pi of linear acrylamide (3%). Incubate for 2 h at -20°C and centrifuge at 12,000 for 30 min in a tabletop centrifuge. Carefully remove the supernatant—the DNA or RNA should be visible against the light as one or several small shiny specks, usually attached to the tube, but they may be loose—and wash the pellet with 200 pi 80% ethanol. Remove the supernatant, and dry the DNA or RNA (3 min in a speed vacuum concentrator) until all visible liquid has gone, but avoid overdrying of the pellet because the DNA or RNA will then be difficult to redissolve. Dissolve the DNA in 100 pi dd H O. 

Remove excess PBS and immediately apply 50 pi double-FAM LNA (see Note 2) probe solution and gently shield with cover glass (see Note 3). The probe solution is prepared as follows denature LNA probe and dilute the probe in Exiqon ISH buffer. For example, for 2 ml hybridization mix containing 20 nM double-FAM-labeled miR-21 LNA probe (from 25 pM probe stock), transfer 4 pi into the bottom of a 2 ml nonstick RNase-free tube and place the tube at 90°C for 4 min. Spin down shortly using a tabletop centrifuge, and immediately... 

A cotton ball is dipped in alcohol and wiped across a tabletop. Explain what happens to the alcohol molecules deposited on the tabletop Is this a physical or chemical change ... 

A cotton ball dipped in alcohol is wiped across a tabletop. Would the resulting smell of the alcohol be more or less noticeable if the tabletop were much warmer Explain. 

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