Sweeteners, nonnutritive saccharine

Sweeteners can be divided into two groups, nonnutritive and nutritive sweeteners. The nonnutritive sweeteners include saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame, acesulfame K, and sucralose. There are also others, mainly plant extracts, which are of limited importance. The nutritive sweeteners are sucrose glucose fructose invert sugar and a variety of polyols including sorbitol, mannitol, malt-itol, lactitol, xylitol, and hydrogenated glucose syrups. 

Saccharin. Sacchatin [81-07-2] C H NO S, which is approximately 300 times as sweet as sucrose ia coaceatratioas up to the equivaleat of a 10% sucrose solutioa, has beea used commercially as a nonnutritive sweeteaer siace before 1900, predomiaanfly ia carboaated soft drioks, tabletop sweeteaers, and dietetic foods marketed primarily to diabetics. In 1977, the FDA proposed a ban on sacchatin because of its association with bladder cancer ia laboratory animals. At the time, it was the only commercially available nonnutritive sweetener, and pubflc outcry led to a delay of the ban, which was officially withdrawn ia 1991. Instead, the FDA required that warning labels be placed on all foods that contained the iagredient. Although sacchatin is heat stable, the pubflc debate over its safety, as well as the fact that approximately one-third of the population perceives it to have a bitter aftertaste, has limited its use. 

In 1969, a chronic toxicity study on a cyclamate saccharin (10 1) blend indicated bladder cancer problems in rats. Cyclamate was soon banned by the FDA, but saccharin remained an approved sweetener. In 1977, the FDA proposed a ban on saccharin because of the discovery of bladder tumors in some male rats fed with high doses of saccharin. Because no other nonnutritive sweetener was available at that time, the proposed ban faced strong opposition. 

Nonnutritive Sweeteners. Diet or low calorie beverages represent a significant portion (27.7%) of the total soft drink market. The diet category is expected to increase at approximately 2% per year. Currendy, saccharin and aspartame [22839-47-0] C24H2gN20, are the only nonnutritive... 

Both solid and liquid dosage forms may contain saccharin. Saccharin is a nonnutritive sweetening agent, which is 300 times as sweet as sucrose. In a survey of sweetener content of pediatric medications, seven out of nine chewable tablets contained saccharin (0.45-8.0 mg/tablet) and sucrose or mannitol. Seventy-four of the 150 liquid preparations investigated contained saccharin (1.25-33 mg/5 mL) [62], Saccharin is a sulfanamide derivative that should be avoided in children with sulfa allergies [54],... 

Nonnutritive Sweeteners. As of this writing there are only three nonnutritive sweeteners approved for used in the United States aspartame, CiaHisNiOj, saccharin, CtH NOsS, and acesulfame K, CiHjNOjS K. See also Sweeteners. 

The chemical structure of the most important nonnutritive sweeteners is shown in Figure 11-4. Saccharin is available as the sodium or calcium salt of orthobenzosulfimide. The cyclamates are the sodium or calcium salts of cyclohexane sulfamic acid or the acid itself. Cyclamate is 30 to 40 times sweeter than sucrose, and about 300 times sweeter than saccharin. Organoleptic comparison of sweetness indicates that the medium in which the sweetener is tasted may affect the results. There is also a concentration effect. At higher concentrations, the sweetness intensity of the synthetic sweeteners increases at a lower rate than that which occurs with sugars. This has been ascribed to the bitter-... 

Saccharin (1) and its sodium salt (19a) have found extensive use as nonnutritive sweetening agents.81... 

Saccharin (3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,2 benzisothiazole-1,1 dioxide) has been available as a nonnutritive sweetener since 1900. It is 300 to 500 times as sweet as sucrose. It leaves a bitter, metallic aftertaste, especially to some individuals. Commercially, saccharin is usually produced by the Remsen-Fahlberg Process [11] according to the following reactions ... 

The nonnutritive sweeteners acesulfame-K, aspartame, cyclamate, saccharin, and sucralose were tested for DNA damaging activity in the rat hepatocyte/ DNA repair assay using hepatocytes from rats. The results found no evidence of genotoxic potential. 

Saccharin s production and use as a nonnutritive sweetener may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Saccharin will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in air, and vapor-phase saccharin will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3 days. Particulate-phase... 

Some special dietetic packs are prepared with artificial sweeteners. Saccharin, benzoylsulfonic imide has been used since the eighties of the last century. More recently a new nonnutritive substance, sucaryl, the sodium salt of cyclohexane-sulfonic acid, has been produced in two forms—Sucaryl sodium and Sucaryl calcium. The calcium type is proposed for those whose ordinary salt ration should... 

Sweeteners are natural or synthetic compounds which imprint a sweet sensation and possess no or negligible nutritional value ( nonnutritive sweeteners ) in relation to the extent of sweetness. There is considerable interest in new sweeteners. The rise in obesity in industrialized countries has established a trend for calorie-reduced nutrition. Also, there is an increased discussion about the safety of saccharin and cyclamate, the two sweeteners which were predominant for a long time. The search for new sweeteners is complicated by the fact that the relationship between chemical structure and sweetness perception is not yet satisfactorily resolved. In addition, the safety of suitable compounds has to be certain. Some other criteria must also be met, for example, the compound must be adequately soluble and stable over a wide pH and temperature range, have a clean sweet taste without side or post-flavor effects, and provide a sweetening effect as cost-effectively as does sucrose. At present, some new sweeteners are on the market (e. g., acesulfame and aspartame). The application of a number of other compounds will be discussed here. 

A nonnutritive, noncaloric synthetic sweetener which is 300 to 500 times sweeter than table sugar. It was on the first GRAS (generally recognized as safe) list published in 1959. However, in 1972, following the ban on cyclamates, saccharin was removed from the GRAS list and given a provisional food additive status. 

Saccharin is commonly known as a widely used noncaloric synthetic sweetener. It is the oldest nonnutritive synthetic sweetener, having been on the market for more than 100 years. Saccharin was accidently discovered by Ira Remsen and Constantin Fahlberg, researchers at John Hopkins University in 1879. Saccharin is commercially... 

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