Sweeteners, artificial sorbitol

Various studies of sorbitol in solution formulations have been reported [44-48]. Sorbitol is readily soluble and compatible with alcohol, syrup, and other polyols. It can be used with sugar solutions and artificial sweeteners to improve body, mouth feel, and sweetness characteristics. It is used with glycerin or propylene glycol to alleviate undesirable tastes. 

Artificial sweeteners such as sorbitol saccharin is used as synthetic sweetening agent which is more palatable having no food value and can be used by diabetic patients. 

Food items have contained a variety of artificial sweeteners (e.g., saccharin, sorbitol, cyclamate). These sweeteners are permitted for use by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) based on their grouping under generally regarded as safe (GRAS). However, reports and regulatory decisions on the use of artificial sweeteners are inconclusive and often contradictory, and therefore require reevaluation. 

Sucrose and other natural sweeteners, such as sorbitol, can be used in effervescent products, although artificial sweetening agents are customary. However, the application of artificial sweeteners is restricted by health regulations. Therefore, the use of such sweeteners will vary from one country to the next based on national standards. 

D-Glucitol, the alditol produced by reduction of D-glucose, is itself a naturally occurring substance present in many fruits and berries. It is used under its alternative name D-sorbitol as an artificial sweetener and sugar substitute in foods. 

Sorbitol is the principal ingredient of sugar-free compressed tablets. To enhance the sweet taste usually artificial sweeteners (aspartame, cyclamate, saccharin) are used. 

For patients in whom diarrhea is the primary complaint, avoidance of certain food products may be necessary. Caffeine, alcohol, and artificial sweeteners (sorbitol, fructose, and mannitol) are known to irritate the gut and produce a laxative effect. Lactose... 

BPA is a known endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC), but this effect is sUght and has been known since the 1930s. This fear of EDC activity led to a total ban of BPA in polycarbonate plastic bottles intended for babies. The chemical industry was not really shaken by this ban as this use was only a tiny fiaction of the market. On the other hand, finding substances that rival the favorable properties BPA is not easy, and more significantly, not cheap. Isosorbide, which can be produced by artificial sweetener sorbitol, is a possible replaeement. A promising alternative of polycarbonate plastics is named Tritan co-polyester, and is made from dimethyl terephthalate, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM), and 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-l,3-cyclobutanediol (CBDO). However, replacing BPA in all current apphcatiorrs would be difficult, very expensive, and—most importantly—unlikely to save anyone from any harm. 

Polydextrose, prepared by condensation melt polymerization of a mixture of (16)-a-D-glucose with sorbitol and citric acid as crosslinker, followed by neutralization, possesses all the necessary properties for use in conjunction with artificial sweeteners in reduced-calorie foods [62], It provides no sweemess but contributes all the other properties of sucrose, i.e., bulk, humectancy, water solubility, and texture without any significant increase in caloric content. It can also be used to replace some of the butterfat of reduced-calorie ice cream-type products. 

Some patients consider the energetic value of sugars or sorbitol as a problem and demand artificial sweeteners in their medicines. Their effect depends very much on the active substance in the oral liquid and cannot be derived from usual concentrations in soft drinks. 

The first artificial sweetener to be used extensively was saccharine, which is used commonly as its more soluble sodium salt. Saccharine is about 300 times sweeter than sucrose. The discovery of saccharine was hailed as a great benefit for diabetics because it could be used as an alternative to sugar. As a pure substance, the sodium salt of saccharine has a very intense sweet taste, with a somewhat bitter aftertaste. Because it has such an intense taste, it can be used in very small amounts to achieve the desired effect. In some preparations, sorbitol is added to ameliorate the bitter aftertaste. Prolonged studies on laboratory animals have shown that saccharine is a possible carcinogen. In spite of this health risk, the government has permitted saccharine to be used in foods that are primarily intended to be used by diabetics. 

Modern disaccharide-based artificial sweeteners such as isomaltulose (palati-nose) [229], trehalose, and leucrose [230] can also be separated on a CarboPac PAl [231]. Sweeteners of this kind, with their graduated sweetness, broaden the variety of sweeteners, especially for dietary formulations. Of great importance is the artificial sweetener palatinit, which is synthesized via hydrogenation of isomaltulose. Hydrogenation of isomaltulose leads to an equimolar mixture of a-o-glucopyranosido-l,6-sorbitol (GPS) and -mannitol (GPM). Both compounds can be separated in the same run with sorbitol, mannitol, and isomaltose with a 0.1 mol/L NaOH eluent (Figure 3.237) [232]. 

Fig. 3-178. Separation of the artificial sweetener palatinitol. — Separator column CarboPac PAl eluant 0.1 mol/L NaOH flow rate 1 mL/min detection pulsed amperometry on a gold working electrode injection volume 50 pL peaks (1) sorbitol, (2) mannitol, (3) 10 mg/L a-D-glucopyranosido-1,6-sorbitol (GPS), 10 mg/L a-D-glucopyranosido-1,6-mannitol (GPM), and (4) isomaltose.

Pharmaceutical suspensions are dispersions of solid particles of an insoluble or sparingly soluble drug in a liquid vehicle, usually water [33, 34]. Several examples of pharmaceutical suspensions are used Oral Suspensions, antibiotic preparations, antiacid and clay suspensions, radioopaque suspensions, barium sulphate suspensions. The vehicle is syrup, sorbitol solution or gum thickener with added artificial sweetener. Topical suspensions (externally applied shake lotion ) such as calamine lotion USP are also formulated as suspensions. Several dermatological preparations are also used in pharmacy. 

Sorbitol Zymomonas mobilis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei (Pappagiani, 2012) Low-calorie sugars, treatment for obesity, and artificial sweetener (Ladero et al., 2007). 

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