Energetic value

The aim of this work is the determination of several nutritional parameters, such as Energetic Value, Protein, Fat, and Carbohydrates content, in commercially available yoghurt samples by using Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FT-IR) spectrometry and a partial least square approach. 

In addition to p-oxidation, two other oxidation routes are known for fatty acids, referred to as a- and co-oxidation. However, they exhibit a lower activity and initially involve the formation of a- and o-hydroxy acids, with subsequent con-versions thereof. These oxidation routes are of inferior energetic value as compared with p-oxidation presumably, they are implicated in special functions of the cell. 

Energy Balance of Fatty Acid Oxidation. The energetic value of an even-numbered fatty acid is estimated in the following manner. Complete oxidation of a fatty acid composed of 2n carbon atoms yields... 

In addition to their energetic value, oil shales have also been used as sources for other materials, such as alumina, ammonium sulphate, phosphate, sodium carbonate, S, U, V, and Zn (Murray 1974). In the early 17th century, potassium aluminium sulphate was extracted from the Alum Shales in Sweden for use in the tanning and textile industry. It was only by the 19th century that hydrocarbons were being extracted from these Alum Shales while, in the 1960s, their content of U and V was being exploited (Dyni 2000). 

The biorefinery approach is the most sound in terms of truly exploiting the potential of an aquatic biomass, and this concept is now becoming accepted on a worldwide basis. In the biorefinery approach, the economic and energetic value of the biomass is maximized, although it must be emphasized that fluctuations in the prices of fossil carbon (coal, oil, gas) raises uncertainty regarding the opportunity to produce biodiesel from aquatic biomass. For example, when the oil price is below US 120 per barrel it is uneconomic to produce biodiesel in this way. On the other hand, an aquatic biomass demonstrates an excellent potential for use as a source of specialty chemicals, with some components also having added value as animal feeds or fertilizers. 

It has long been a computational chemist s goal to have a method at his disposal that would yield energetic values that have chemical accuracy, which translates to an uncertainty of 1 kcal mol-1, or about 4 kJ mol-1. Currently, high-level methods such as QCISD(T), CCSD(T), or MP6 with very large basis sets may be able to achieve this. However, such calculations are only possible for very small systems. To get around this difficulty, composite methods that would allow calculations on systems with a few non-hydrogen atoms have been proposed. 

R. Bulinski, J. Bloniarz, N. Koktysz, Z. Marzec, E. Szydlowska, Nutritive and energetic value of domestic beer, Bromat. Chem., 19 (1986), 73-75. 

In Table 2 are summarized the energetics values for the different steps shown in this schema. We have considered for all the cases that the reaction (1) is in equilibrium, so its AG = 0. 

Energetics Values for the Different Steps of the Hydrogen Reaction According to the Schema Shown in the Text. 

Structural and energetic values for 3d metal cations (Me) in trigonal zeolite sites... 

High-level ab initio calculations in Ref. 176 and references therein agree with these results. Our own G2(MP2) data, based on this non-classical structure, lead to energetic values in excellent agreement with experiment (see Table 6). It is interesting that these concepts have been challenged very recently. ... 

In humans, isomaltulose (Palatinose ) is hydrolyzed by isomaltase and absorbed as glucose and fructose, thus its energetic value is 4kcalg as in sucrose. " It is suggested that isomaltulose (Palatinose ) has favourable effects on fat metabolism and mental performance in humans. Because isomaltulose (Palatinose ) is less hygroscopic and more stable and acid resistant than sucrose, it is used more and more as a sweetener not only for diabetics but also for sports food and drinks. After comprehensive verification of its safety, isomaltulose (Palatinose ) is approved as food for human nutrition. 84,98,125,126,166... 

Finally, we focus on the absolute and scales. From the Figure 4.13 there is clear that, respecting the finite-difference energetic values, of Table 4.3, the actual and scales from the Tables 4.8 and 4.10, respectively, show a more rationalized periodic trend. However, also between 77and scales a completely different tendency is remarked at the main group level, in the first case, the decreasing trend of values... 

Evaluation according to ASTM E 698-79 of DSC experiments with the help of the DuPont software, supplies the values of pyrolysis or oxidation enthalpy (J/g) too, resulting from integration of the peak areas. As described in chapter 3.3.2 these energetic values are not independent of the heating rates, even for model substances and may not be compared with literature data. Moreover, in oxidation any citation of J/g may be significant for the first oxidation peak (LTO) only. For the next peaks, the residual quantity of substance reacting there is never known. 

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