Suspended particulate matter analysis

Because there has been no recent analysis of the relationship between the concentration of total suspended particulate matter in the air of cities with populations of different sizes, we are forced to use data for the decade... 

The network is implemented by the participating countries through WHO. Sulfur Dioxide (SO,) and suspended particulate matter (SPN) data are routinely reported from each of the participating countries to WHO for entry into the global data base, which is maintained by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Methods of collection and analysis varies by country. SPN is reported either as a gravimetric or a photometric (transmittance or reflectance) measurement converted to mass units. Since the accuracy of the conversion of the photometric measurement to mass units is... 

The PEG, MCPEG and DCPEG metabolites were monitored in marine, estuarine, river and wastewater near and in the Italian river Tiber. Water samples were analysed by LC—ES—MS analysis. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) was also analysed, but none of the metabolites was detected in this matrix. 

Ritsema R, Cofino WP, Frintop PCM, et al. 1989. Trace-level analysis of phthalate esters in surface water and suspended particulate matter by means of capillary gas chromatography with electron-capture and mass-selective detection. Chemosphere 18 2161-2175. 

Source Apportionment Models for the Cyclohexane-Soluble Fraction of Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to determine the coefficients of the source tracers for the models proposed for CYC in equations (7)-(9). These models are shown in Table IV. As expected from the factor analyses, the coefficient for V, accounting for the greatest proportion of the variance of CYC, was fitted first into the equation. Equation (14) was the simplest and the F value was slightly higher than for equations (15) and (16). In addition, as will be discussed later in this paper, the coefficient for PB was in reasonable agreement with the ratio of CYC /PB for samples collected in the Allegheny Tunnel. 

Sedimentation FFF implies application of the centrifugal field, which is produced by placing the channel in a centrifuge basket. SdFFF instruments can be linked readily to analytical instruments to provide analysis in real time. For the first time, Beckett (1991) introduced FFF-ICP-mass spectroscopy (MS) as a powerful analytical tool for characterizing macromolecules and particles. Taylor et al. (1992) illustrated the characterization of some inorganic colloidal particles and river-borne suspended particulate matter of size range <1 pm using SdFFF and ICP-MS. 

Figure 17.17. Principal component analysis map of sample (left) and color-coded spectra (right) from a sample of marine suspended particulate matter. The lower three spectra are characteristic of low organic mineral phases, while the upper three organic phases have distinctively different C-NEXAFS spectra. Background regions are shown in black (J. Brandes, unpublished data 2007). See color insert.

Suspended particulate matter and marine organisms are present in seawater. In seawater analysis, it is desirable to separate the particulate and dissolved fractions, and to analyse them separately. A comparison of analytical results for filtered and unfiltered seawater is shown in Table 3 [15], where upper and lower limits of particulate metal concentrations are also given. As can be seen in Table 3, the contents of particulate trace metals are less than 1% of the total metal concentration, which is generally within... 

Copin-Montegut C. and Copin-Montegut G. (1972) Chemical analysis of suspended particulate matter collected in the northeast Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. 19, 445—452. 

Direct analysis can be performed if the analytical technique has an adequate detection power. Filtration and pH adjustment are often performed. Suspended particulate matter can be analyzed separately. Physical, chemical and spectral interferences may occur... 

For the analytical determination of metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) in surface sediments, suspended particulate matter and biological matrices, digestion with a 3 1 HNO3-HCIO4 mixture under controlled temperature was used (36). Analysis of sediments and suspended particulate matter were made by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) with air-acetylene flame and deuterium background correction. The analysis of metals in lichens and molluscs were performed by ICP-AES. The operating conditions for FAAS and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) analysis are shown in Tables 6.1 and 6.2, respectively. 

Suspended particulate matter can be analyzed after depositing it on high-purity In [641]. With detection limits at the sub-pg/g level data for 53 elements in a 10 mg sample were obtained, which proved to agree by better than a factor of 2 for 34 elements with results from other techniques. Atmospheric particulate matter was subjected to analysis by GD-MS by Schelles and Van Grieken [642]. Air was pumped through a single-orifice impactor stage in which the aerosol was collected on a metal support, which was then used as the cathode in the GD unit. 

Craig, P. N. (1953). Synthesis of ion exchange resins. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 57, 67-78. Cranston, R. E. and Buckley, D. E. (1972). The application and performance of microfilters in analysis of suspended particulate matter. Unpublished manuscript, Bedford Institute of Oceanography Report Series Bl-R-72-7, 14 pp. 

The diffusive flux of Hg from the deeper, anoxic layers is insufficient to explain the enrichment of the sediment surface layer. Gobeil and Cossa (1993) estimated that this flux amounts to no more than 2.5% of the mercury transported to the sediment on settling particles. An analysis of suspended particulate matter in the fjord confirmed this, showing Hg concentrations in suspended particulate matter (SPM) similar to those in the surface sediment (Gagnon etal., 1996b). These studies effectively eliminate diagenesis as the reason for Hg enrichment in the surface sediments. 

HHCB/AHTN ratios in Lippe river sediments are significantly lower (average 1.2) than in Lippe river water samples (average 2.9). Accordingly, AHTN is enriched in the sediments. Winkler et al. (1998) investigated musk concentrations in water and suspended particulate matter (SPM) from the Elbe river. They found a HHCB/AHTN ratio of about 1 in SPM, whereas river water analysis showed a HHCB/AHTN ratio of about 2 (which is also illustrated by the higher partition coefficient... 

Moreover, for measurements made on the whole water sample, in order to allow better data comparability, it should be specified whether the analysis was conducted with separation of the two phases and determination of the contaminant in the two separate phases (dissolved and suspended particulate matter (SPM)), or on the whole water sample without separation of the liquid and SPM phases. The concentration of SPM should also be indicated in order to assess the risk of underestimating the concentration of the contaminant when whole water is analysed without separation of the two phases. 

Dong, M., Locke, D.C. and Ferrand, E., 1976. High pressure liquid chromatographic method for routine analysis of major parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in suspended particulate matter. Anal. Chem., 48 368—372. 

Rivers also transport U/Th series nuclides in particulate phase to the sea. These nuclides exist in two forms in the particulate phase, one as a part of their lattice structure and the other as surface coating resulting from their adsorption from solution. Analysis of suspended particulate matter from rivers shows the existence of radioactive disequilibria among the members of the same radioactive decay chain. In general, particulate phases are characterized by Ra/ °Th activity ratios... 

Pesticides are SVOCs that are known to be simultaneously present in the atmosphere both the gas and particulate phase. The distribution among these phases depends on the physico-chemical properties of the compound in question, such as vapour pressure and water solubility. It is also influenced by environmental factors, especially temperature, humidity, and the nature and concentration of suspended particulate matter (CoscoUa et al. 2008). A comprehensive review, which summarizes sampling and analysis of pesticides in ambient air has been recently published by the same research group (Yusa et al. 2009). 

An interesting example of user application of non-air quality monitoring data has recently been reported (e.g., Trijonis, and Yuan Husar, et al. ). Visibility observations have been taken for many years at airports for aviation safety. There is circumstantial evidence that reduced visibility under certain conditions is a measure of pollution associated with suspended particulate matter, in the size range 3ym in diameter. Airport visibility observations taken over many years have been suggested as a surrogate for pollution. The analysis of such data has provided a provocative indicator of the influence of industrialization in rural areas of both eastern and western United States. Thus, we see that data taken for a completely different application can be applied by innovative investigators in the environmental field when there is motivation to characterize poorly understood processes. 

In seawater, most TE occur primarily as dissolved including colloidal species (< 0.45 or <0.4 pm see Chapter 2). Therefore, in the analysis of TE filtration is often avoided, to minimize contamination or losses due to adsorption. Exceptions are made, however, when the suspended particulate matter (SPM) itself or selected elements are studied for which the particulate species constitute a significant fraction of the total concentration in seawater (c.g., Fe, Pb). The SPM should also be separated when its concentration increases to 1 mg/L and thus impacts the accuracy and precision of the methods used to determine the dissolved TE fractions. Higher SPM concentrations are often observed in mixing zones of estuaries, in coastal waters, in the euphotic layer during plankton blooms or in intermediate turbidity layers and close to the bottom. Particle fluxes of TE in the ocean are best measured directly" with sediment traps deployed at different water depths (see Chapter 1). 

---