Measurements converting

For a detailed discussion on the analytical teclmiques exploiting the amplitude contrast of melastic images in ESI and image-EELS, see chapter B1.6 of this encyclopedia. One more recent but also very important aspect is the quantitative measurement of atomic concentrations in the sample. The work of Somlyo and colleagues [56]. Leapman and coworkers and Door and Gangler [59] introduce techniques to convert measured... 

A microscopic description characterizes the structure of the pores. The objective of a pore-structure analysis is to provide a description that relates to the macroscopic or bulk flow properties. The major bulk properties that need to be correlated with pore description or characterization are the four basic parameters porosity, permeability, tortuosity and connectivity. In studying different samples of the same medium, it becomes apparent that the number of pore sizes, shapes, orientations and interconnections are enormous. Due to this complexity, pore-structure description is most often a statistical distribution of apparent pore sizes. This distribution is apparent because to convert measurements to pore sizes one must resort to models that provide average or model pore sizes. A common approach to defining a characteristic pore size distribution is to model the porous medium as a bundle of straight cylindrical or rectangular capillaries (refer to Figure 2). The diameters of the model capillaries are defined on the basis of a convenient distribution function. 

It is often necessary to convert measurements from one set of units into SI units. For example, we may need to convert a length measured in inches into centimeters. To convert these units, we use the relation 1 in. = 2.54 cm, and in general... 

It is often necessary to convert measurements from one set of units to another. As an everyday exampie, traveiers between the United States and Canada need to be abie to convert between miies and kiiometers. Chemists frequentiy need to convert voiumes from one unit to another. The SI unit of voiume is the cubic meter, but chemists usuaiiy work with much smaiier voiumes. Hence chemists often express voiume using the liter (L), which is defined to be exactiy 10 m. Another voiume unit in common use is the miiiiiiter (mL), or 10 L. 

Any of the types of problems discussed in Chapters 3 and 4 can involve gases. The strategy for doing stoichiometric calculations is the same whether the species involved are solids, liquids, or gases. In this chapter, we add the ideal gas equation to our equations for converting measured quantities into moles. Example is a limiting reactant problem that involves a gas. 

The fit of the data to the correlation line indicates that the relative yields of 27Al and s ifg secondary ions are constant over the compositional range anorthite 100 to anorthite 50. The slope of the line, O.S1, reflects the higher sensitivity of the ion probe for Mg, and is used to convert measured secondary ion ratios to elemental ratios. 

D. Lerro and Y. Bar-Shalom, Tracking with debiased consistent converted measurements versus EKF , IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 1015-1022, July 1993. 

When working with measurements, you often have to convert units before performing other calculations. There are two methods of converting measurements. One is using proportions and the other is using a scientific method called dimensional analysis. 

Divide 7,620 by 609.6 to get 12.5 inches per second. As you can see from this example, dimensional analysis is an efficient way to convert measurement units when there are several conversions to be made. 

There are two methods for converting measurement units the proportion method and dimensional analysis. 

On the basis of these formulae one can convert measurements of area, which equals the integral in the latter formula, under spectral lines into values of coefficients in a selected radial function for electric dipolar moment for a polar diatomic molecular species. Just such an exercise resulted in the formula for that radial function [129] of HCl in formula 82, combining in this case other data for expectation values (0,7 p(v) 0,7) from measurements of the Stark effect as mentioned above. For applications involving these vibration-rotational matrix elements in emission spectra, the Einstein coefficients for spontaneous emission conform to this relation. 

Any high-throughput system for protein crystallography requires efficient processes for converting measured diffraction images into experimental electron density maps and structures. Chapters 6 to IT and T 3 cover the various approaches to data analysis in considerable depth. 

Calibration is required to convert measurements of scattered light intensity from arbitrary to absolute values, an essential step in the calculation of molecular weight. Fortunately, because the calibration constant of most photometers remains stable for long periods of time, the calibration procedure need be carried out only infrequently. Should it need to be calibrated, the procedure described in ASTM D4001-93 or that of the instrument vendor should be followed. 

In ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectroscopy, one usually measures the spectral line wavelengths (rather than frequencies), using a prism or diffraction grating. Until 1972, the speed of light was not known to very high accuracy, so it became traditional to convert measured wavelengths to reciprocal wavelengths 1 /A (rather than to frequencies) the quantity 1 /A is called the wave number. 

To convert measured values to hardness we can also use a nomogram (Fig. 4.3.29) constructed on load values, indentation diagonal and Vickers pyramid penetration depth. 

Convert measured SD and/or SI to paleo-C02 levels, and calculate paleoelevation using either (preferably) leaf material from the same taxon from a contemporaneous low elevation flora, or sea-level C02 reconstructions from other sources. Use C02 correction factor for stomatal density if necessary. 

In this paper we discuss three issues related to our ability to exploit the undoubted attractions of the EQCM technique (a) the extent of mobile species uptake as a function of solution concentration (b) the use of transient measurements to obtain (additional) selectivity and (c) the need to establish that the criteria are satisfied for the Sauerbrey equation (equation [1]) to be used to convert measured frequency changes to mass changes. Of these, (a) and (c) have been demonstrated (see previous paragraph) to be directly relevant to QCM-based biosensors. The concept of using transient measurements in this context has not yet been explored, but is a natural development. 

When we convert measurement data to rankings, we destroy all information about the distribution of the data. For instance, when we ranked the toxin measurements,... 

Gas thermometry measurements must of course be made with a reaf gas at ordinary pressures. However, it is possibfe to estimate the deviations from perfect-gas behavior and to convert measured pEvafues to perfect-gas pEvafues. For this purpose a viriaf equation of state for a reaf gas is often used ... 

Haaer states that the volumetric flow rate in an adiabatic SOj converter, measured at normal temperature and pressure, customarily is about 75 to 100 ft /min ft of converter area. He also states that the catalyst beds in the converter may be from 20 to 50 in. deep. 

Converting measured sin 6 values to unit cell dimensions... 

The method used in the Sample Problem to convert measurement to other units is called the factor label method. Study the Sample Problem again. The following equation gives the conversion factor because it contains both the given unit and the desired unit. 

The factor label method is a simple tool for converting measurements from one unit to another. 

Figure 1.10 summarizes the relationships between the three common temperature scales. In Chapter 8, we will use these relationships to convert measurements from one temperature scale to another. 

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