Survival rates carcinoma

Prosta.te Ca.ncer, Estrogen has an inhibitory effect on the prostate in addition to its suppression of gonadotropin secretion by the pituitary. The three- and five-year survival rates in prostate cancer patients with metastatic disease improved when treated with DES (7) alone or along with castration. However, DES does not improve the survival rates in patients whose carcinoma is confined to the prostate. Small doses of DES (1 mg/d) appear to retard prostate cancer growth and could reduce the cardiovascular complications associated with larger doses (5 mg/d) (135) (see... 

Small cell lung cancer typically presents as extensive disease (approximately 60% to 70% of new cases) and progresses very quickly. Small cell carcinomas are very responsive to chemotherapy and radiation. Radiotherapy became the standard in 1969, when a randomized trial showed that it offered the potential for cure, whereas surgery did not.20 For the vast majority of patients, chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy is the treatment of choice. Even after a complete response to therapy, the cancer usually recurs within 6 to 8 months, and survival time following recurrence is typically short ( 4 months). This yields a typical survival rate of 14 to 20 months for limited disease and 8 to 13 months for extensive disease.33 Table 87-6 illustrates the general treatment path of SCLC. 

Mice were administered 250 or 500mg/ kg/day pentachloroethane by gavage for life. The hepatic carcinogenicity of pentachloroethane was clearly established despite reduced survival rates. The incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas was significantly increased in low-dose males and in treated females there also was a significant dose-related increase in the incidence of hepatocellular adenomas in treated females. ... 

Thus, the development of new anthracycline antibiotics is of interest in which the therapeutical width is enhanced by decreasing toxicity and increasing specificity. Several screening methods are presently available in clinical tests. One is carried out by measurement of the survival rate of mice, induced with P 388 leukemia carcinoma [30, 32], Other methods are based on in-vitro tests either the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of nucleosomal RNA synthesis is measured or the growth of tumor cell cultures like He La is observed [34],... 

Combined-modality therapy—radiation plus cisplatin—for localized carcinoma of the cervix has recently proved to achieve long-term survival rates superior to those reported with radiation alone. 

Liver transplantation is the therapy of choice in the late stage of PSC. According to existing publications, the survival rate was 81% or 94% after 1 year, 71% or 92% after 2 years, 67-86% after 5 years and 70% after 10 years. It is important to determine an optimal date for transplantation. End-to-end anastomosis of bile ducts is often impossible if PSC affects the extrahepatic bile ducts, which is why choledochojejunostomy has to be carried out first in this special case. It has to be taken into consideration that PSC reoccurred in the transplanted liver in 5 out of 32 patients. (343) At first, the pANCA values decrease after LTX, but they return to pre-transplantation levels after one year. The presence of colon carcinoma should be excluded prior to transplantation. After liver transplantation, colitis can exacerbate, and there may also be biliary complications. (33f, 342-344, 374, 393, 427, 432, 444)... 

Morbidity should not exceed 30%. Lethality is between 0-3%. The 5-year survival rate following RO resection in metastatic colorectal carcinoma is 20-40%, in neuroendocrine tumours 90-100%, in malignant melanoma 15-25%, and in breast cancer 10-30%. Prognosis is poor in metastasizing renal cell carcinoma and in gastric or pancreatic carcinoma. Both R1 and R2 resection worsen the prognosis to the same extent. 

In metastatic colorectal carcinoma, it is possible to achieve complete surgical removal (RO) of the metasta-ses in initially incurable resected patients due to the relatively successful systemic chemotherapy schemes used today. In about 20% of the patients with oligotropic metastatic spread, this therapy triad consisting of resection + chemotherapy + resection can lead to a 5-year survival rate of 25% (cf primary curative resection). 

Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a rare event in DAs and such cancers appear to have a distinct morphology called medullary (see later) and improved survival rate relative to those with conventional DAs. " The MLHl gene is often inactivated in MSThigh pancreatic carcinomas (characterized with loss of expression of hMLHl at immunohistochemical level) by either mutation or hypermethylation. 4 2... 

Similarly, Survivin levels were increased in 34 (out of 34) tumor samples (adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma) when compared with nontumor controls. Survivin expression is frequently observed in tumors from breast cancer patients. One study reported that 71% of breast carcinomas (stages I to IH) were positive for Survivin whereas no expression of Survivin was detected in adjacent normal tissues. In colorectal cancers the expression of Survivin is inversely correlated with the apoptotic index of transformed cells and is significantly related to an increased disease-free survival rate and to a reduced risk for distant metastases. 

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