Surveys National Science Foundation

The articles and discussion comments contained in this volume derive from a Conference on Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms. The organization of the conference was stimulated both by an interest of the National Science Foundation in surveying the current status of this area and by a need expressed by some 100 researchers active in mechanistic investigations whose opinions were canvassed by the organizers. 

Source National Science Foundation Survey Data. 

Sample analyses were carried out by a number of laboratories. We are grateful to Mr. Mark E. Peden and Ms. Loretta M. Skowron of the Water Survey s Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Unit for atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Mr. L. R. Henderson of the Illinois State Geological Survey for X-ray Fluorescence specto-scopy, and Dr. T. A. Cahill of the University of Califomia-Davis for elemental analysis. Mr. R. G. Semonin reviewed the manuscript. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. ATM-7724294, and by the Department of Energy, Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research, under Contract No. EY-76-S-02-1199. 

The authors wish to acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation (Grant No. NSF GP-137). Ross Johnson of the U.S. Geological Survey has been of great assistance in all phases of the work. His help is gratefully acknowledged. We also wish to thank the owners of the Red Ash Coal Co. who helped in collecting samples from the Maitland No. 2 mine. 

FIGURE 1.2 Women chemists. NOTE 1995 decade includes only 1990 to 1998. Other includes agricultural and food chemistry physical includes nuclear and theoretical chemistry. SOURCE Commission on Scientific and Technical Personnel, Table 6-11 data derived from National Science Foundation, Survey of Earned Doctorates 1960-1998. 

FIGURE 3.4 Entry into science and engineering graduate work declines in 1997 (first-year enrollments at surveyed universities). SOURCE National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resource Studies, Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering Fall 1997, NSF 99-325, NSF, Arlington, Va Tables 27, 28, and 29. 

SOURCE National Science Foundation, Oi vis ion or Science Resources Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctcrates... 

The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to the National Science Foundation and to the University of Massachusetts Research Council for their generous support of portions of the research described in this survey. 

Some of the results contained in the book are based on research projects, which have been supported by grants and contracts from the National Science Foundation, the Department of Energy, the United States Geological Survey, and the Office of Naval Research. I am very grateful for the funding support provided by all these organizations. 

This work was supported by the Environmental Engineering Program of the National Science Foundation (ECE-8519793), the Office of Exploratory Research of the Environmental Protection Agency (R812944-01-0), and the Water Resources Research Division of the U.S. Geological Survey (14-08-0001-G1647). 

U.S. Government data on domestic R D expenditures by industry are available from the National Science Foundation (NSF) Survey of Industrial Research and Development conducted routinely since 1956. Each firm in the sample is classified by a three-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Code.2The U.S. Census Bureau on behalf of NSF collects data on total companywide domestic R D expenditures. The estimates for drug companies (SIC 283) include all R D conducted in the United States in company-owned and -operated facilities. Unfortunately, nonpharmaceutical R D may be included in the estimates. 

SOURCES Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, Annual Survey Reports, 1975-91 (Washington, DC PMA, 1978-91). National Science Foundation, Surveys of Science Resources Series, Research and Development in Industry 1987-7988, Detailed Statistical Tables, NSF 89-323 (Washington, DC NSF, 1989, 1990). National Science Foundation, Selected Data on Research and Development in Industry 1990, NSF 92-317, Selected Data Tables (Washington, DC NSF, 1992). 

SOURCE National Science Foundation, National Science Foundation-National Institutes of Health Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates, Resources Data System (WebCASPAR), http //webcaspar.nsf.gov (accessed September 25, 2006). 

SOURCE National Science Foundation/Science Resources Statistics, 1993 and 2003 Survey of Doctorate Recipients. 

In 2002 it won a temporary restraining order against the National Science Foundation that stopped U.S. research vessels from conducting seismic surveys in the Gulf of California, Mexico these surveys were linked to whale deaths. A settlement followed, which requires all U.S. seismic vessels to submit to the Endangered... 

I thank Volker Lutz for initial literature surveys and discussions and Andrey Fokin for the data in Schemes 8.10 and 8.11. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (CHE-0209857). 

Another source of information on doctorates in chemistry and chemical engineering deserves mention. Since 1946, the National Academy of Sciences has maintained a Doctorate Records File (DRF) containing information on all PhD recipients in the United States since 1920. Administered by the Commission on Human Resources of the National Research Council, the Doctorate Records File is complemented by the Comprehensive Roster of Doctorate Recipients, which includes information on over 400000 PhDs. The Comprehensive Roster is composed of the DRF and the National Science Foundation s National Roster of Scientific and Technical Personnel. Since 1958, the DRF has been augmented annually by a Survey of Earned Doctorates, and the Comprehensive Roster is the basis for a biennial Survey of Doctorate Recipients. (For the results of the most recent published survey, see Science, Engineering, and Humanities Doctorates in the United States 1981 Profile (IB. 1982)). Over the past 35 yr, the NAS has sponsored a number of analyses of the demography of the doctorate community in the United States. The 1978 NRC report on A Century of Doctorates (IB) is an extremely valuable summary of this work (and it contains an annotated bibliography of other studies based on the DRF and the Comprehensive Roster). 

NSF, 1956. National Science foundation. Science and Engineering in American In-dustry. Final Report on a 1953-1954 Survey. Prepared for the National Science Foundation by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. NSF 56 16. 

NSF, 1961a. National Science Foundation. Employment of Scientific and Technical Personnel in State Government Agencies. Report on a 1959 Survey. NSF 61-17. 

NSF, 1965. National Science Foundation. Scientific and Technical Personnel in the Federal Government, 1961 and 1962. Surveys of Science Resources Series. NSF 65-4. 

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