National Science Foundation Laboratories

The author is currently the Linus Pauling Chair Professor of chemistry and physics and the Director of the Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science Technology and the National Science Foundation Laboratory for Molecular Sciences at Caltech in Pasadena, CaUfomia, USA. He was awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. 

Supercomputers are found in many government research laboratories, intelligence agencies, universities, and a small number of industrial companies. In the United States, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has provided supercomputers to several prominent universities for both academic and industrial users. These centers provide state-of-the-art, supercomputer-tuned appHcations for a wide variety of disciplines, together with staffs who are very knowledgeable in optimization for supercomputer performance. 

Administratively, the genesis of these Laboratories, which initially were called Interdisciplinary Research Laboratories and later. Materials Research Laboratories, involved many complications, most of them in Washington, not least when in 1972 responsibility for them was successfully transferred to the National Science Foundation (NSF). As Sproull cynically remarks To those unfamiliar with the workings of federal government (and especially Capitol Hill), transfer of a program sounds simple, but it is simple only if the purpose of transfer is to kill the program . 

Research on Fe-S proteins in the Johnson laboratory is supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (GM45597 and GM51962) and by a National Science Foundation Research Training Grant Award to the Center for Metalloenzyme Studies (BIR-9413236). 

The author is indebted to Dr. J. J. Alexander, Dr. J. P. Bibler, Dr. P. Reich-Rohrwig, and Dr. S. R. Su, his former graduate students and postdoctoral fellows, for their stimulating association with him and for their research contributions in this area of organo-metallic chemistry. Support of the research concerned with insertion reactions in the author s laboratories has been generously provided by the National Science Foundation. 

The authors laboratories are funded hy the Swiss National Science Foundation (grants SNF-32-112306/1 and 32-118226) and Global Allergy and Asthma Eruopean Network (GA LEN). 

This work is done mder toe support of toe National Science Foundation of China (NSFC 20376021, 20490200, 20506004), and toe Special Foundation of State Key Laboratory in Shanghai (036505010). 

Dehydrogenase work cited from the author s laboratory was generously supported by the National Science Foundation (CHE-0130315). 

The authors would like to acknowledge support from National Science Foundation and The Ohio State University Material Research Laboratory. Helpful discussions with present and past members of the research group are also greatfully acknowledged. 

This research has been funded by the Donors of the Petroleum Research Fund (ACS, grant 28336-G5) and by the National Science Foundation (CTS-940618). Support from the Layman Fund and the Research Council at the University of Nebraska is so acknowledged. We thank the National Synchrotron Light Source and the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory for X-ray beamtime. 

The generous support of research in the Toscano laboratory by the National Science Foundation and the donors of the Petroleum Research Fund, administered by the American Chemical Society, is gratefully acknowledged. 

SUPPORT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION of new courses and laboratories in materials science is available through National Science Foundation programs in both the Division of Undergraduate Education and the Division of Materials Research. The Division of Undergraduate Education has separate programs targeting laboratory, curriculum, and faculty. 

We are grateful to the Office of Naval Research, the Polymer Program of the National Science Foundation and Interx Research Corporation for their partial support of this research. We are also grateful to the Naval Research Laboratory and EM Laboratory of the Department of Zoology at the University of Maryland at College Park for their cooperation in part of this research. We also would like to thank Dr. Jacques Roovers for reviewing this paper. 

We thank Professor F. de Schryver, Katholiecke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium, and Professor B. Norden, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, in whose respective laboratories the fluorescence lifetimes and the flow dichorism were measured. We are grateful to the National Science Foundation for financial support. R. D. Miller also gratelfully acknowledges the partial financial support of the Office of Naval Research. 

Acknowledgment is made to the Donors of the Petroleum Research Fund, administered by the American Chemical Society, and to the Materials Research Laboratory, University of Massachusetts (Amherst), for grants in support of this research. The National Science Foundation, through the Expedited Award for Novel Research at Stevens Institute, has enabled K.E.G. to develop the processing of such transition metal containing organometallic polymers. ... 

Of course, the work would likely never have been conceived were it not for the 18-year perfect-match collaboration between our laboratories. For keeping this alive, we acknowledge financial support granted by the National Science Foundation, the U.S.-Hungarian Science Technology Joint Fund, and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. 

Acknowledgements. The author would like to express his thanks to the National Science Foundation and Research Corporation which supported the work carried out in his laboratory. Thanks are also due to Professor Phillip J. Elving who first gave the author the opportunity to study purine electrochemistry. 

ESR and ESRI studies in the Detroit laboratory have received sustained and generous support from the Polymers Program of the National Science Foundation. Efforts in Poland were supported by the Ministry of Education and Science, grant number 3 T09A 051 28. We acknowledge with gratitude the... 

The revitalization of chemistry education has received much recent attention and taken many forms. Modes of teaching, textbooks, laboratory instruction— all aspects of the chemistry curriculum have undergone scrutiny for reform. A recent National Science Foundation report, Shaping the Future New Expectations for Undergraduate Education in Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology characterizes the nature of the most successful curricular and pedagogical improvements ... 

Acknowledgement. The work for the author s laboratory was supported in part by the United States National Science Foundation. 

This work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (INT83-04030 CHE-8419283) and the US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (DE-FG03-85ER13317). Key aspects of the experimental studies described here were carried out in these laboratories by Marc Desrosiers and David Wink, whose intellectual contributions are greatly appreciated. 

Acknowledgement The research described herein was supported by the US National Science Foundation, Solid State Chemistry, via grant DMR-0444657 and earlier grants. The writing of this article was supported by Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy (DOE), and all of this was carried out in the facilities of the Ames Laboratory, US-DOE. 

D. MacKenzie assisted with the (ButtN)2MgXllf emission lifetime measurements. Research at the California Institute of Technology was supported by National Science Foundation Grants CHE78-10530 and CHE81-20419. This is Contribution No. 6703 from the Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory. 

This work was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (PCM 79-04915). JEH is the recipient of a National Science Foundation predoctoral fellowship. The synchrotron radiation used in many of these studies was provided by the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory with the financial support of the National Science Foundation (under contract DMR 77-27489) in cooperation with the Department of Energy and by the National Institutes of Health SSRL biotechnology resource (RR-01749). 

The assistance of G. Rau and I. R. Kaplan (UCLA) in the stable isotope studies as well as the dedicated laboratory work of Peter Slota, L. A. Payen, and G. Prior (UCR) is gratefully acknowledged. This research was supported by a National Science Foundation grant (BNS-7815069). 

The author would like to thank Loi c Lepiniec, Jitendra Khurana, Atsushi Tanaka, and Bemd Weisshaar for sharing data prior to publication. Work in the author s laboratory is supported by funding from the National Science Foundation (MCB-9808117) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (2001-35318-11266). 

Studies related to the mechanisms of nitric oxide reactions with transition metal complexes in this laboratory were supported by grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation, by a Collaborative UC/Los Alamos National Laboratory Research grant, by a grant from the U.S. Japan Cooperative Research Program (Photoconversion/ Photosynthesis) (NSF INT 9116346), and by a grant from the ACS Petroleum Research Fund. We thank the students and postdoctoral fellows at UC Santa Barbara who participated in this research and acknowledge collaborative studies with Dr. David Wink (National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD, USA), Dr. Mikio Hoshino (RIKEN, Wako-shi, Japan) and Dr. Jon Schoonover (Los Alamos National Laboratory). 

Acknowledgments We thank Martha Baugh and Amy Picard for help with behavioural observations. Laboratory facilities and support were provided by the staff at the Highlands Biological Station in Highlands, North Carolina, USA. This research was supported by National Science Foundation grants 0110666 and 0416724 to LDH, and 0416834 to RCF. 

This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant NSF DMR-86-12860 (administered by the Materials Research Laboratory of the University of Illinois) and by Dow Chemical U.S.A. 

This article is dedicated to the memory of Vincent G. Dethier. I thank Drs. Thomas A. Christensen and Leslie P. Tolbert for helpful comments on the manuscript and my many present and former coworkers and collaborators, who contributed to the work from my laboratory reviewed in this paper. Our research in this area has been supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, and the Department of Agriculture and is currently supported by National Institutes of Health Grants AI-23253, NS-28495, and DC-00348. 

The work in authors laboratory is supported by the grants MSMT LC06010, AV0Z50200510, OC 09045, OC136, and Czech National Science Foundation junior grant 203/09/P024. 

I wish to thank Dr. Larry Owens of Princeton University and Dr. R. E. Gibson of the Applied Physics Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University for their comments on an earlier draft of this essay, and I gratefully acknowledge the support of the American Council of Learned Societies and the National Science Foundation. 

Communication No. 296. — Most of the experimental work reported from the Fordham Laboratories was carried out under the aegis of the Office of Naval Research, Washington, D. C., and the National Science Foundation. 

Bunnell is greatfully acknowledged. This work was supported in part by a National Science Foundation Grant (GB 28139) to the Mt. Desert Island Biological Laboratory. 

---