Surfactant rabbit

In a broad evaluation also the sulfosuccinate disodium laureth sulfosuccinate (DLSS) was a part of a variety of surfactants tested for their dermatological mildness, and some different test methods were applied [16]. Products were compared applying in vitro methods (Zein test, hemolysis) and in vivo methods (Duhring-Chamber test, skin mildness by intracutaneous test on mice and topical application on hairless mice, mucous membrane irritation according to the Draize procedure on rabbit eyes). In the Duhring-Chamber test the DLSS elicited no reactions in the animal tests it ranged in the least irritant third of the 15 products tested. 

Nevertheless, there are reports on enhancement of ocular drug absorption by bile salts [33], surfactants [200], and chelators [149], Newton et al. [35] demonstrated that Azone, an enhancer widely tested in transdermal drug delivery [201], increased the ocular absorption of cyclosporine, an immunosuppressant, by a factor of 3, thereby prolonging the survival of a corneal allograft. In 1986, Lee et al. [34] reported that 10 pg/mL cytochalasin B, an agent capable of condensing the actin microfilaments, increased the aqueous humor and iris-ciliary body concentrations of topically applied inulin (5 kDa) by about 70% and 700%, respectively, in the albino rabbit. 

Conjunctival insulin absorption in rabbits estimated as plasma insulin levels after punctal occlusion was also shown to be increased by bile salts (sodium deoxycholate, glycocholate, and taurocholate) and a surfactant (polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether) [200], Their rank order of effectiveness at 1% was sodium deoxycholate > polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether > sodium glycocholate = sodium taurocholate. There was an 18-, 29-, 3-, and 3-fold increase, respectively, in conjunctival absorption. Sodium deoxycholate, a dihydroxy bile salt, was more effec-... 

Siegel IA, Gordon HP (1986) Surfactant-induced alterations of permeability of rabbit oral mucosa in vitro. Exp Mol Path 44 132-137... 

Paraquat is commonly combined in commercial herbicides with diquat, a related compound in several instances, the commercial preparations splashed in the eyes have caused serious injury. " Effects have been loss of corneal and conjunctival epithelium, mild iritis, and residual corneal scarring. In contrast, in the eye of a rabbit, one drop of a 50% aqueous solution of pure paraquat caused slow development of mild conjunctival inflammation and pure diquat proved even less irritating. Presumably, the surfactants present in the commercial preparations are responsible for the severe eye injuries to humans. ... 

Curstedt T, Hafinan M, Robertson B, et al. 1983. Rabbit lung after long-term exposure to low nickel dust combustion. I. Effects on phospholipid concentration and surfactant activity. Environ Res 30 89-94. 

PFCs have recently been shown to prevent formation of a liquid condensed (semicrystalline) phase upon compression of a phospholipid film (Fig. 15). PFCs can also help dissolve semicrystalline domains after they have already formed. This fluidization effect facilitates the respreading of dimyristoylphosphatidylcho-line (DMPC), the main component of the lung surfactant, on the surface of lung alveoli upon inspiration [59], Experimentation on premature rabbits demonstrated a significant increase in tidal lung volume, allowing survival of the treated animals, while controls were all dead within minutes. PFCs may thus prove... 

Oguchi, K., Ikegami, M., Jacobs, H., and Jobe, A. (1985). Clearance of large amounts of natural surfactants and liposomes of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine from the lungs of rabbits. Exp. Lung Res., 9, 221-235. 

Miyake, M., et al. 1984. Rectal absorption of lysozyme and heparin in rabbits in the presence of non-surfactant adjuvants. Chem Pharm Bull 32 2020. 

North-Root, H., et al. 1982. Evaluation of an in vitro cell toxicity test using rabbit corneal cells to predict the eye irritation potential of surfactants. Toxicol Lett 14 207. 

Yang, W., and D. Acosta. 1994. Cytotoxicity potential of surfactant mixtures evaluated by primary cultures of rabbit corneal epithelial cells. Toxicol Lett 70 309. 

F. J. Walther, R. David-Cu, and S. L. Lopez, Antioxidant-surfactant liposomes mitigate hyperoxic lung injury in premature rabbits, Am. J. Physiol. 269 L613 (1995). 

Haley TJ, Hunziker J (1974) Instrument for producing standardized skin abrasions. J Pharm Sci 63 106 Mezei M, Sager RW, Stewart WD, DeRuyter AL (1966) Der-matitic effect of nonionic surfactants. I. Gross, microscopic, and metabolic changes in rabbit skin treated with nonionic surface-active agents. J Pharm Sci 55(6) 584-590 Mezei M (1970) Dermatitic effect of nonionic surfactants. V. The effect of nonionic surfactants on rabbit skin as evaluated by radioactive tracer techniques in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 54 510-517... 

LS (natural surfactant mixture from rat and rabbit lungs) 44 0.42... 

From the comparison of the parameters (C, drainage time, etc.), characterising the three preparations used it can be concluded than IN fits best the structural and operational characteristics of normal intraalveolar bubbles, as described above. IN formed stable films under all experimental conditions relevant to lung function in vivo. Films from IN are consistent with those from the lung surfactant in human amniotic fluid [20,28] and in lung lavage from normal rabbits [25]. 

In view of their solubilizing effects and also their potential to change membrane permeability, surfactants have been considered as absorption enhancers, again mostly in animals. Polyoxyethylene ethers have been shown to enhance gastric or rectal absorption of linco-mycin, penicillin, cephalosporins, and fosfomycin in rats and rabbits. In rats, colonic absorption of interferon-alpha is increased from 3 to 8% by polyoxyethylene esters of oleic acid and oleic acid glycerides. 

Chowhan ZT, Pritchard R. Effect of surfactants on percutaneous absorption of naproxen I comparisons of rabbit, rat, and human excised skin. J Pharm Sci 1978 67 1272-1274. 

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