Surface analysis methods Fourier transform infrared

Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as well as Raman spectroscopy are well established as methods for structural analysis of compounds in solution or when adsorbed to surfaces or in any other state. Analysis of the spectra provides information of qualitative as well as of quantitative nature. Very recent developments, FTIR imaging spectroscopy as well as Raman mapping spectroscopy, provide important information leading to the development of novel materials. If applied under optical near-field conditions, these new technologies combine lateral resolution down to the size of nanoparticles with the high chemical selectivity of a FTIR or Raman spectrum. These techniques now help us obtain information on molecular order and molecular orientation and conformation [1],... 

Ellipsometry is probably the only easy-to-use surface analysis method which can be operated in situ and in real time. On the contrary, multiple internal reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is a very powerful technique [38] but it is rather tricky to implement. Ellipsometry allows real time studies of the surface modification during exposure to the plasma, and after the treatment. Figure 10 shows for example the variation of and A ellipsometry angles upon fluorination of Si in fluorine-based plasmas as a function of pressure and gas mixture [39], thus demonstrating the sensitivity of the technique. Infrared ellipsometry has also been used with success to investigate reaction layer composition and formation on Si in CF4-based plasmas [40,41], or to monitor patterning [42]. 

Surface analytical techniques. A variety of spectroscopic methods have been used to characterize the nature of adsorbed species at the solid-water interface in natural and experimental systems (Brown et al, 1999). Surface spectroscopy techniques such as extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) have been used to characterize complexes of fission products, thorium, uranium, plutonium, and uranium sorbed onto silicates, goethite, clays, and microbes (Chisholm-Brause et al, 1992, 1994 Dent et al, 1992 Combes et al, 1992 Bargar et al, 2000 Brown and Sturchio, 2002). A recent overview of the theory and applications of synchrotron radiation to the analysis of the surfaces of soils, amorphous materials, rocks, and organic matter in low-temperature geochemistry and environmental science can be found in Fenter et al (2002). 

The surface chemical properties of the carbon materials were characterized as follows measurement of pH of carbon slurries (in 0.1 M NaCl solution) [89] neutralization with bases of different strength and dilute HCl according to Boehm s method [63,66] determination of total oxygen/nitrogen content by elemental analysis (with an accuracy of 0.2%) [170] mass loss of carbon samples after heat treatment in a vacuum. Additionally, the number of primary adsorption centers (a,)) was determined from water vapor adsorption isotherms according to the Dubinin-Serpinsky method [171], as was the heat of immersion in water for selected samples [111,172]. The results of these operations are pre.sented in Table 3. For all samples transmission Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) were recorded. 

N.K. Roberts. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Surfaces. In D.J. O Conner, B.A. Sexton, and R. St. C. Smart, editors. Surface Analysis Methods in Materials Science. Springer Series in Surface Sciences, Volume 23. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1992. 

Vibrational spectroscopy represents two physically different, yet complementary spectroscopic techniques IR and Raman spectroscopy. Although both methods have been utilised for many years, recent advances in electronics, computer technologies and sampling made Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman (FT-Raman) one of the most powerful and versatile analytical tools. Enhanced sensitivity and surface selectivity allows non-invasive, no-vacuum molecular level analysis of surface and interfaces. Emphasis is placed on recent advances in attenuated total reflectance (ATR), step-scan photoacoustic (SS-PA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and FT-Raman microscopies, as utilised to the analysis of polymeric surfaces and interfaces. A combination of these probes allows detection of molecular level changes responsible for macroscopic changes in three dimensions from various depths. 7 refs. 

The stmctural and conformational analysis of proteins adsorbed to solid surfaces is difficult because most common analytical methods are not compatible with the presence of the interacting solids. With recent developments in instrumentation and techniques, our understanding of protein adsorption behavior has improved considerably [4, 14]. The most commonly used techniques include attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), radiolabeling techniques, immunofluorescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), ellipsometry, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and amide HX with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning... 

Abstract Surface analyses have been one of the key technologies for corrosion control and surface finishing. It is very important that the most appropriate apparatus for the purpose of the analyses should be selected from various analytical techniques. In this chapter, surface analytical methods for corrosion control and surface finishing, such as X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), Rutherford back-scattering spectrometry (RBS), Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and so on, are briefly introduced. 

Forthcoming books in the Techniques in Analytical Chemistry Series will cover a variety of techniques including chemometric methods, biosensors, surface and interface analysis, measurements in biological systems, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and other significant topics. The editors welcome your comments and suggestions regarding current and future titles, and hope you find the series useful. 

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