SUPREM

The brilliant book which provided the impetus for the ecological movement - and has retained its supreme power to this day. 

A concise, still highly relevant account of a supremely important principle. 

Diamond is supreme among natural gemstones ia H, RI, and DISP. Table 3 shows the steady improvement ia the sequence of diamond imitations, the aim being to produce a colorless, adequately hard material having closely matching optical properties. The iatroduction of synthetic cubic 2irconia ia 1976 brought about a sufficiently close match. 

Jasmin. "If the rose is the queen of flowers, the jasmin is the fairest and prettiest priacess. The two together reign supreme ia the world of flowers as well as ia the world of perfume" (12). As ia the case of rose, jasmin has been the subject of many iavestigations, and mote than 95 compounds have been identified to date ia extracts of Jasminum officinale L. vat. grandijlorum, the source of commercial jasmin ok, concrete, and absolute. The principal components ate shown ia Table 3 (13). 

In 1971 the OSHA standard for benzene (20 CFR, Part 1910.0000) adopted a permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 10 ppm benzene measured as an 8-h TWA. In October of 1976 NIOSH updated its earlier criteria document on benzene and recommended that OSHA lower the benzene exposure standard from 10 to 1 ppm. This proposed implementation was blocked by the United States Supreme Court iu 1980 on the basis of iusufficient evidence linking benzene to cancer deaths. By the mid-1980s convincing evidence of the carciuogenicity of benzene appeared through animal studies which justified reconsideration of the 1 ppm PEL (130). 

In 1958 the Supreme Court ruled that under the 1938 law, the FDA did not have the authority to estabHsh limits of use for colorants and that they were obligated to decertify or deHst a color if any quantity of it caused harm even though lesser amounts were perfectiy safe (19). The FDA s hands were tied (20). A review of the remaining colors was started and soon several more were deHsted, including FD C YeUow Nos. 1—4. It became obvious that the existing law on certifiable colors was unworkable. 

U.S. Supreme Court. 358 U.S. 153, Dec. 15, 1958. The court ruling that established the harmless per se principle that a color additive had to be harmless regardless of the quantity used. 

Similarly, copyright does not protect research. According to the Supreme Court, copyright protects creativity, not effort, no matter how significant that effort is (4). 

The fair use doctrine has given rise to voluminous case law and commentary. Recent Supreme Court decisions have included Hamper <22 ... 

Ober-. upper, chief, high, supreme, head, top, epi-, super-, supra-, superior gross, -arm, m. upper arm. -aufsicht, /. (central) supervision. -bau, m. superstructure. 

Agriculturists and chemical officials scorned Carson s jeremiad and argued that she misrepresented the evidence, while conseiwationists such as Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas praised her for... 

The second major federal regulatoiy event was a Supreme Court decision in 1954 which resulted in the imposition of wellhead price regulation of gas sold in interstate commerce. 

Sakharov made his first trip outside the Soviet Union in late 1988. In 1989 he was elected to the Congress of People s Deputies, the supreme legislative body of the Soviet Union. He died on December 14, 1989. 

If the E = hv of quantum theory is one begniling-ly simple later advance in the concept of energy, the supremely famous mass-energy law E = me" is another. This and its import for nuclear energy are usually credited solely to Einstein. The truth is more interesting. 

U.S. Supreme Court breaks Standard Oil monopoly into thirty-four companies. 

The U.S. Supreme Court rtil es that states have the authority under the Clean Water Act to establish minimum streamflows at hydro projects. The ruling gives states more authority in hydro licensing and relicensing decisions. 

The value of hard work and logical thinking shouldn t be underestimated but pure luck also plays a role in most real scientific breakthroughs. What has been called "the supreme example [of luck] in all scientific history" occurred in the late summer of 1928 when the Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming went on vacation, leaving in his lab a culture plate recently inoculated with the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. 

The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled in November 2003 that it was unconstitutional to deny marriage licenses to same-sex couples, staying its decision Jor 180 days. On May 17, 2004, same-sex marriage became legal in Massachusetts, thefirst state to recognize it. 

The human body, the Microcosm of Nature, the Son of the World, contained within itself the supreme secret ... 

The initial decision—often called the VICOM decision after the applicant for the patent—was followed by further decisions of the Boards of Appeal that opened the way for the patenting of inventions implemented by means of computers. The reasoning behind these decisions has often been adopted by courts in other countries (not only in Europe, but elsewhere). The German Supreme Court, for example, has explicitly stated that the application of computers in chemistry or biology is acceptable patentable subject matter [14]. 

But as philosophers have remarked and courts have ruled, the right to privacy is not absolute. In fact, the place and importance of the right to privacy are still being explored, as the Supreme Court decisions in Roe v. Wade (1973) and Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) demonstrate. As a result, decisions regarding the right to privacy are very often driven by context. Such may be the case with situations involving computer use, the right to privacy, and pharmaceutical research. 

Helferich was active in research to almost the very end of his life. His love for experimentation and his enthusiasm for research were the driving forces for his extremely successful scientific work. He also had a supreme gift for infecting his students with his own enthusiasm for chemistry. His lectures, with their masterly experimental demonstrations, were some of the most popular in chemistry. His great personal interest in research was also demonstrated by his twice daily visits to the laboratory benches of his Diploma and Ph.D. students. All who worked with him were impressed by his personality. The benefit of his advice and generous practical assistance was always available to his students and coworkers, and he was an example to them at all times. His students have always regarded it as a special distinction to be able to call themselves Helferich students. 

The basic building block in the definition of a complex system, as well as the key element in our learning architecture, is what we will designate as an infimal decision unit or subsystem (Mesarovic et al., 1970 Findeisen et ai, 1980), (Fig. 10). These decision units will in general correspond to a particular piece of equipment or section of the plant. The overall system is represented by a single supremal decision unit (Mesarovic et al., 1970 Findeisen et al., 1980), DUq, and contains a total of K interconnected infimal decision units (Fig. 11), DU., k = l,...,K. 

On the other hand, the top-down approach starts the learning process at the supremal decision unit, DUq, and only on a second stage does it move down to the infimal decision units for approval and validation. 

In the top-down approach the supremal decision unit, DUq, starts the learning process by itself, and identifies a decision policy, X p. Then, in a... 

Let s assume that the inputs to the supremal decision unit are a subset of all the decision variables attached to infimal decision units, consisting of those variables that are believed to be particularly influential with respect to the operation of the overall system. Then, an application of basic to DUj, results directly in the identification of a decision policy, X p. This decision policy is then passed down to the lower level in the hierarchy, where it is submitted to a process of validation and refinement by all infimal decision units that is identical to the one that takes place in the bottom-up approach. 

When examined at the supremal level, the system s primary goal is the production of pulp with the desired kappa indices. Consequently, as DUq performance variables we will consider the following ... 

Both operating costs and quality losses were combined together, leading to the following overall performance measure, yg, for the supremal decision unit ... 

Materials Characterization. Regarding education in the characterization or analysis of materials—a central topic of materials chemistry—there is a similar hierarchy of importance of subjects that chemistry students (and faculty) will need to have learned. Reference 7 treats this topic systematically, and Roy and Newnham (11) presented a comprehensive (albeit somewhat outdated) presentation of the architecture of materials characterization. Thus Rutherford backscattering and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) are excellent characterization research tools, but in the sequence of tools used every day on every sample, they are insignificant. Thus for structural characterization, X-ray powder diffraction reigns supreme, yet the full power of the modern automated search routines that can be universally applied are taught only to a minuscule fraction of even the materials science student body. 

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