Supporting monitoring programmes

In addition to measurements of radiation and contamination levels, monitoring programmes should include other types of measurements and activities for data collection such as general monitoring of the environment as well as monitoring of characteristics of the population. 

Climatological conditions (including wind speed, wind direction, stability of the mixing layer of the atmosphere, precipitation statistics, temperature and humidity) should be monitored, both in the pre-operational studies and during operation of the facility. 

Hydrological characteristics of rivers (e.g. variations in water fluxes and characteristics of effluent mixing) into which liquid effluents are released 

Supporting monitoring programmes for sites contaminated with long lived radionuclides should be focused both on the terrestrial environment and on the description and habits of the population. The local water cycle should be monitored precipitation and evaporation, local surface waters and groundwaters and their connections, and inputs and outputs by main rivers. Characteristics of soils should be studied. The descriptions and distributions of 

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The monitoring programmes are needed to provide information to support the achievement of a number of specific WFD objectives. These include ... 

The objectives of the present paper are a) to illustrate for which tasks modelling can support the monitoring programmes and the WFD implementation and b) to illustrate joint modelling and monitoring approaches in case studies. 

Support for design of monitoring programmes (Case 1, Case 2 and Case 3). 

The strategic objective of REBECCA has been to provide relevant scientific support for the implementation of the Water Eramework Directive (WED). The two specific aims of the project have been, first, to establish links between the ecological status of surface waters and physico-chemical quality elements and pressures from different sources, and, second, to develop and validate tools that Member States can use in the process of classification, in the design of their monitoring programmes, and in the design of measures in accordance with the requirements of the WED. 

An adeqnate condition monitoring programme should be established in support of optimization of the maintenance programme. Such a monitoring progranune should be based on the following assumptions as a minimum ... 

In accordance with general and subsidiary objectives, the monitoring programmes should include radiation measurements and the collection of relevant supporting information as well as the assessment of doses to critical groups and populations due to the presence of radioactive material in the environment from a practice or intervention and a demonstration of compliance with authorized limits on discharges within a practice. 

This work is supported by a monitoring programme in the Prototype to ensure that the actual pressure tubes do not unexpectedly reach an embrittled condition. 

Where an improven design or feature is introduced or there is a departure from an established engineering practice, safety shall be demonstrated to be adeqrrate by appropriate supporting research programmes, or by examination of operational experience from other relevant appUcations. The developmerrt shall also be adeqrrately tested before being bronght into service and shall be monitored in service, to verily that the expected behavionr is achieved. 

Based on plant specific PSAs, it is now possible to run plant specific risk monitoring programmes. The programmes are easy to develop and are user friendly for the planning staff and for those responsible for day to day work (operations shift personnel, maintenance planners and supervisors). On-line risk monitoring supports the plant staff in the evaluation of safer maintenance practices in the day to day work. Job priorities and parallel work are more easily understood from the safety point of view. On-line risk monitoring makes the plant s overall safety condition better understandable to all involved personnel. 

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