Superoxide dismutase and

Oxidant production is measured with the fluorogenic substrate para-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (PHPA) in the presence of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase (9). Under these conditions, superoxide is converted to H2O2 by the superoxide dismutase, and two molecules of PHPA are converted to a fluorescent diadduct by H2O2 and peroxidase. Similar assays have been devised using homovanillic acid (16) or scopoletin (17) instead of PHPA. 

The hydroxyl radical plays two essentially different roles (a) as a reactant mediating the transformations of xenobiotics and (b) as a toxicant that damages DNA. They are important in a number of environments (1) in aquatic systems under irradiation, (2) in the troposphere, which is discussed later, and (3) in biological systems in the context of superoxide dismutase and the role of iron. Hydroxyl radicals in aqueous media can be generated by several mechanisms ... 

Kyle, M.E., Miccadei, S., Nakae, D. and Farber, J.L. (1987). Superoxide dismutase and catalase protect cultured hepato-cytes from the cytotoxicity of acetaminophen. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 149, 889-896. 

Higuchi, M., Cartier, L.J., Chen, M. and HoUoszy, J.O. (1985). Superoxide dismutase and catalase in skeletal muscle adaptive response to exercise. J. Gerontol. 40, 281-286. Hunter, M.I.S., Brzeski, M.S. and de Vane, P.J. (1981). Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and thiobarbi-turic acid-reactive compounds in erythrocytes in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Clin. Chim. Acta 115, 93-98. 

Freeman, B.A., Turrens, J.F., Mirza, Z., Crapo, J.D. and Young, S.L. (1985). Modulation of oxidant lung injury by using liposome-entrapped superoxide dismutase and catalase. Fed. Proc. 44, 2591-2595. 

Liu, T.H., Beckman, J.S., Freeman, B.A., Hogan, E.L. and Hsu, C.Y. (1989). Polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase and catalase reduce ischemic brain injury. Am. J. Physiol. 256, H589-593. 

Bioactive peptides such as superoxide dismutase and interferon arc also hoped to be accumulated in the inflamed and vascular lesions. However, these active peptides cannot be incorporated in lipid microspheres. Instead of incorporating them into lipid microspheres, we devised a method to combine the bioactive peptides with a chemically modified lecithin. In this study, we also examined the tissue distribution of lecithinized IgG. 

Ariza ME, Bijur GN, Williams MV. 1998. Lead and mercury mutagenesis Role of H202, superoxide dismutase, and xanthine oxidase. Environ Mol Mut 31 352-361. 

Ding Y, Vaziri ND, Gonick HC. 1998. Lead-induced hypertension ii. response to sequential infusions of 1- arginine, superoxide dismutase, and nitroprusside. Environmental Research 76/2 107-113. 

Protection from unwanted side products of oxygen reactions uses the cytoplasmic Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and vesicular haem catalases as in all eukaryotes as... 

C.K. Vance and A.F. Miller, Spectroscopic comparisons of the pH dependencies of Fe-substituted (Mn)superoxide dismutase and Fe-superoxide dismutase. Biochemistry. 37, 5518—5527 (1998). 

I. Fridovich, Superoxide anion radical (O2) superoxide dismutases and related matters. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 18515-18517 (1997). 

Radhaiah, V. and S.V.K. Reddy. 1989. Toxic impact of fenvalerate on superoxide dismutase and catalase activity levels in liver, muscle and gill tissues of a freshwater fish, Tilapia mossambica (Peters). Biochem. Inter. 18 655-660. 

C. carpio 10 during exposure for 96 h, significant alterations were recorded in lipid peroxidation rate, hemoglobin concentration, and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes, that is, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities 20... 

Dogan, P., Soyuer, U., Tanrikulu, G. (1989). Superoxide dismutase and myeloperoxidase activity in polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and serum ceruloplasmin and copper levels, in psoriasis. Brit. J. Dermatol. 120,239-44. 

Free radical generation superoxide dismutase and glutathione... 

Shinina M.E., Carlini P, Polticelli F., Zappacosta F., Bossa F., and Calabrese L. (1996), Amino acid sequence of chicken Cu, Zn-containing superoxide dismutase and identification of glutathionyl adducts at exposed cysteine residues, Eur. J. Biochem. 237(2), 433-439. 

Schmiedt, W., Kovacs, G., Pill, J., Metz, J., and Deigner, H.P., 1998, Apoptosis caused by oxidized LDL is manganese superoxide dismutase and p53 dependent, FASEB J. 12 461-467. 

All aerobic organisms contain substances that help prevent injury mediated by free radicals, and these include antioxidants such as a-tocopherol and the enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. When the protective effect of the antioxidants is overwhelmed by the production of reactive oxygen species, the intracellular milieu becomes oxidative, leading to a state known as oxidative stress (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1999). Thus the balance between the generated free radicals and the efficiency of the protective antioxidant system determines the extent of cellular damage. 

Dos Santos WG, Pacheco I, Liu MY, et al. 2000. Purification and characterization of an iron superoxide dismutase and a catalase from the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio gigas. J Bacteriol 182 796-804. 

Metals in biological systems function in a number of different ways. Group 1 and 2 metals operate as structural elements or in the maintenance of charge and osmotic balance (Table 1.2). Transition metal ions that exist in single oxidation states, such as zinc(II), function as structural elements in superoxide dismutase and zinc fingers, or, as an example from main group +2 ions, as triggers for protein activity—that is, calcium ions in calmodulin or troponin C... 

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