Protective cultures

Phosphorothioates generally protect normal tissues more than tumors. Tumor protection reported in some animal studies can pardy be explained by physiological effects of the particular dmgs, which are specific to rodents (4). WR-2721 does not appear to protect human and most animal tumors, apparentiy because of the low availabiUty of the dmg to tumor cells (4). Many tumors appear to have a reduced capillary density (44), which may mean that these tumors have altered levels of alkaline phosphatase, the enzyme that converts WR-2721 to WR-1065. A reduced abiUty of thiols to protect the hypoxic cells characteristic of many tumors may also contribute to their selectivity for normal tissues. The observation that WR-1065 protects cultured normal human fibroblasts, but not fibrosarcoma tumor cells, suggests that additional factors may contribute to the selectivity of radioprotection by WR-2721 m vivo (18). 

Rordorf, B., Koroshetz, W.J., and Boventre, J.V, (1991). Heat shock protects cultured neurons from glutamate toxicity. Neuron 7, 1043-1051. 

Kyle, M.E., Miccadei, S., Nakae, D. and Farber, J.L. (1987). Superoxide dismutase and catalase protect cultured hepato-cytes from the cytotoxicity of acetaminophen. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 149, 889-896. 

B47. Brigham, K. L Meyrick, B., Berry, L. C Jr., and Repine, J. E., Antioxidants protect cultured bovine lung endothelial cells from injury by endotoxin. J. Appl. Physiol. 63, 840-850 (1987). 

Figure 4.1 Artificial ultraviolet light can cause valuable artworks to fade, but ORMOSIL-based coatings are highly effective in protecting cultural heritage. (Reproduced from RSC.org)...

Snyder JW, Pastorino JG, Thomas AP, et al. 1993. ATP synthase activity is required for fructose to protect cultured hepatocytes from the toxicity of cyanide. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 264(3) C709-C714. 

Further evidence which indicates that kappa agonists may be neuropro-tective and gives insight into the possible mechanism of action is that PD 117302 (12) protects cultured rat neurons from glutamate-induced cell death [40]. 

There have been three main approaches to protecting plants from air pollution. Several researchers are including pollutant stress in standard breeding programs and thus are breeding for tolerance. Interim measures involve the use of chemical sprays. Such sprays are not now economically feasible but they are being tested, and some are protective. Cultural and land-use practices may also be used to control pollution effects, especially on a short-term basis. 

Camosine s copper and zinc ion-chelating activity may also contribute to suppression of neurodegenerative conditions (Hipkiss, 2005). Zinc has been reported to be associated with the amyloid which accumulates in AD brain (Bush and Tanzi, 2002 Danscher et al, 1997 Religa et al, 2006), while copper ion-mediated oxidation of neuronal proteins may accompany both AD and PD (Smith et al., 2006). Carnosine has been found to protect cultured neurons against zinc-induced death (Kawahara et al,... 

Wang H., Cheng E., Brooke S., Chang P., and Sapolsky R. (2003). Over-expression of antioxidant enzymes protects cultured hippocampal and cortical neurons from necrotic insults. J. Neurochem. 87 1527-1534. 

Shen M, Thayer SA. Cannabinoid receptor agonists protect cultured rat hippocampal neurons from excitotoxicity. Mol Pharmacol 1998 54(3) 459-62. 

Muller, U., Krieglstein, J. (1995). Inhibitors of lipid peroxidation protect cultured neurons against cyanide-induced injury. Brain Res. 678 265-8. 

The only reasonable hope to fight off Alzheimer s disease in the future is to keep the cortical and hippocampal neurons at a higher activity level as long as possible by the prophylactic administration of a synthetic mesencephalic enhancer substance. It is remarkable in this regard that (-)-BPAP protected cultured rat hippocampal neurons from the deleterious effect of 3-amyloid25-35 fragments in as low as 10-15 M concentration (Knoll et al. 1999). 

Wang Q, Yu X, Patal K, Hu R, Chuang S, Zhang G et al (2013) Tanshinones inhibit amyloid aggregation by amyloid-p peptide, disaggregate amyloid fibrils, and protect cultured cells. ACS Chem Neurosci 4 1004-1015... 

Alhebshi AH, Gotoh M, Suzuki I (2013) Thymoquinone protects cultured rat primary neurons against amyloid p-induced neurotoxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 433 362-367... 

Carnobacterium Protective cultures in meat and seafood Bacteriocin production... 

Maragkoudakis, P. and Tsakalidou, E. 2007. PathogenCombat probiotic protective cultures Properties potential applications. Laboratory of Dairy Research, Agricultural University of Athens. 

Abood ME, Rizvi G, Sallapudi N, McAllister SD (2001) Activation of the CBl cannabinoid receptor protects cultured spinal neurons against neurotoxicity. Neurosci Lett 309 197-201... 

The effect of Leuconostoc carnosum 4010 (CHR Hansen, Italy) is reported in Table 8. As shown, the concentration of L. monocytogenes decreases to <1 CFU/g. Indeed, enrichment cultures managed to cut the concentration of the inoculated microorganism to less than 0 CFU/25 g. In other words, it seems that, after 30 days, protective cultures manage to achieve the 0 tolerance level recommended by FDA/ FSIS (2003b). 

---