Summary of Findings

Pharmaceutical R D is the process of discovering, developing, and bringing to market new ethical drug products. Most pharmaceutical R D is undertaken by private industrial firms, and this report is about how and why industrial pharmaceutical companies make decisions to undertake R D, what they stand to gain from such investments, and how they are helped or hindered by public policies that influence the process. 

Industrial R D is a scientific and an economic process. R D decisions are always made with both considerations in mind. Science defines the opportunities and constraints, but economics determines which opportunities and scientific challenges will be addressed through industrial research. 

This report focuses mainly, but not entirely, on the economic side of the R D process. In this perspective, pharmaceutical R D is an investment. The principal characteristic of an investment is that money is spent today in the hope that even more money will be returned to the investors sometime in the future. If investors (or the corporate R D managers who act on their behalf) believe that the potential profits from R D are worth the investment s cost and risks, then they will invest in it. Otherwise, they will not. 

The overarching research question of this dissertation is how embedded lead users contribute to corporate product innovation. In the course of my research I have answered some facets of this question by showing (1) what characterizes embedded lead users, (2) on what resources embedded lead users draw, and (3) what behaviors and dispositions embedded lead users exhibit that promote innovation. 

Schweisfurth, Embedded Lead Users inside the Firm, Forschungs-ZEntwicklungs-/ Innovations-Management, DOI 10.1007/978-3-658-00066-0 7, 

The gained insights illustrate that embedded lead users contribute to corporate innovation and related functions (e.g. marketing and product development] by deploying unique resources and capabilities. I.e. the lead usemess of employees facilitates microfoundational outcomes with respect to corporate innovation. 

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Name and description of the investigational product(s). A summary of findings from non-clinical sfudies and from clinioal trials that is relevant to the trial. Summary of the known and potential risks and benefits, if any, to human subjects. Description of and justification for the route of administration, dosage, dosage regimen, and treatment period(s). A statement that the trial will be conducted in compliance with the protocol, GCP and the applicable regulatory requirement(s). Description of the population to be studied. References to literature and data that are relevant to the trial, and that provide background for the trial... 

The following is an example of information that should be included in the "Summary of Findings."... 

Prepare evidence profile for important outcomes—Profiles are needed for each subpopulation or risk group, based on the results of systematic reviews, and should include a quality assessment and a summary of findings... 

Wolf AA, Halpem EH (1976) On a class of organic superconductors a summary of findings. Proc TEEE 64 357-359... 

What then, is the current evidence to support a role of norepinephrine in depression, such that manipulation of noradrenergic activity bears particular relevance to the successful treatment of mood disorders Interpretation of studies depends on the continually evolving conceptualizations of the roles of brain noradrenergic systems. A potentially useful way of thinking about the function of the norepinephrine in the brain can be derived from examining the neuroanatomy of the noradrenergic system. A summary of findings [primarily from rodents and primates) is as follows. 

The overall trends in substance abuse in recent years are mixed. The following is quoted from the summary of findings for the National Survey ... 

Pollutant Reference Number of Subjects Summary of Findings... 

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Summary of Findings from the 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. NHSDA Series H-13, DHHS Publication No. SMA 01-3549, 2001. 

YOU WILL SOON RECEIVE A THIRD REQUEST FROM THE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL FOR THE ANSWERS TO A FEW QUESTIONS MAILED TO MEN WHO PARTICIPATED IN THE SERIES OF TESTS CONDUCTED BY THE ARMY AT EDGEWOOD, MARYLAND. MOST HAVE REPLIED AND HAVE REQUESTED A SUMMARY OF FINDINGS WHEN THE SURVEY IS COMPLETED. WE ARE ANXIOUS TO HAVE YOUR PROMPT REPLY. 

Author, Year Sample size Methods Summary of findings... 

The organization of the study is as follows. In the first Section, a H2 production and distribution system is described. Secondly, capital and levelized H2 price estimates are investigated for each of the H2 system components. Thirdly, a life cycle evaluation of primary energy and GHG emissions in the H2 fuel cycle is performed. Sensitivity analyses are performed for the H2 price and the life cycle energy and GHG emissions estimates. The study concludes with a summary of findings and suggestions for future research. 

What, then, of the claim that individual differences in intelligence are subject to strong genetic influence We will hear summaries of findings from twin and adoptee studies indicating a substantial broad heritability. Most reviewers have put the figure somewhere in the 40—80% range (Hunt 1997, Waldman 1997) but, from both theoretical and practical perspectives, it matters little just where in that... 

Summary of Findings and Recommendations in the Five Commodity Areas... 

Summary of Findings and Recommendations on Medical Chemical and Biological Countermeasures... 

H. S. Lenihan, Benthic marine pollution around McMurdo Station, Antarctica a summary of findings. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 25 (1992), 318-323. 

Figure 5.10. Summary of findings from QSAR studies of benzodiazepin-2-ones. References in parentheses.

Summary of findings for Dynamic Criteria Mapping in Action... 

Azen C, Koch R, Friedman E, Wenz E, Fishier K. Summary of findings from the United States Collaborative Study of children treated for phenylketonuria. Eur f Pediatr 1996 155 S29-32. 

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