Sulfur aerosol

The Owens Lake brine analysis of Table V Indicates that the Na/S ratio should be approximately 3.8 for lake bed materials, which agrees quite well with the ambient ratio measured at Keeler. The above data suggests that airborne sulfur aerosols measured in the Owens Valley are in the form of sulfates which are suspended from the efflorescent crust on the Owens Lake bed. Therefore, if we assume that all the sulfur measured at each site is in the form of sulfate, then during a dust storm, the sulfate standard for the state of California (25pg/m ) is violated near the Owens Lake. It should be noted that the sulfate standard was developed for very fine acidic aerosols. The sulfates measured here are larger and basic particles, so their toxicity may be different from particles for which the standard was written. The calculated sulfate levels at each site during a dust storm are listed in Table VI. 

It is possible to calculate the net uptake coefficient for small sulfuric aerosols in the atmosphere, and thus derive the effectiveness of direct chlorine activation, from basic physical and chemical parameters [43]. The net uptake coefficient for the atmosphere, y, can be expressed by ... 

Whitby, K.T. (1978) The physical characteristics of sulfur aerosols. Atmospheric Environment, 12, 135-59. 

Less is known at this time about the complex refractive index of the sulfur aerosol, and its variation with height, in view of the role that dilution and impurities may have, particularly in determining the imaginary part n". Knowledge of the refractive index is essential in determining heating effects, and would help in assessing the aerosol composition. 

M. Chin, D.D. Davis (1995). A reanalysis of carbonyl sulfide as a source of stratospheric background sulfur aerosols. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8993-9005. 

Kittelson, D. B., McKenzie, R.. Vermeersch, M., Dorman, F., Pui, D., Linne, M., Liu, B. and Whitby, K., 1978 Total sulfur aerosol concentration with an electrostatically pulsed flame photometric detector system. Atmospheric Environment 12, 105-111. 

Whitby KT (1978) The physical characterization of sulfur aerosols. Atmos Environ 72 135 — 159. 

Natural and anthropogenic sulfur aerosols play a major role in atmospheric chemistry and potentially in modulating global climate. One theory holds that a negative feedback links the emission of volatile organic sulfur (mostly as DMS) from the ocean with the formation of cloud condensation nuclei, thereby... 

Chen, Y-Y and W.-M. G. Lee (2001) The effect of surfactants on the deliquescence of sodium chloride. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 36, 229-242 Chin, M. (1992) Atmospheric studies of carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide and their relationship to stratospheric background sulfur aerosol. Doctoral Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology... 

Stratospheric Sulfur Aerosols. Stratospheric sulfur aerosols are minute sulfur-rich particles that are found in the Earth s stratosphere and are often observed following significant volcanic activity (such as after the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption). The presence of these aerosols in the stratosphere results in a cooling effect. The SRM geoengineering technique of intentionally releasing sulfur aerosols into the stratosphere is based on the concept that they... 

Carbonyl sulfide COS is emitted from terrestrial soil, ocean and biomass burning into the atmosphere, but since their loss rate in the troposphere is very small, most of them reach to the stratosphere. The photolysis of COS in the stratosphere is a very crucial reaction as it provides sulfur into the atmosphere forming sulfuric aerosol layer (the Junge Layer) in the stratosphere. Incidentally, although COS is often described as OCS in the textbooks and literature of atmospheric chemistry, the notation of COS is used in this book according to the recommendation of lUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry). 

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