Sulfur industrial application

The following are some of the typical industrial applications for liquid-phase carbon adsorption. Generally liquid-phase carbon adsorbents are used to decolorize or purify liquids, solutions, and liquefiable materials such as waxes. Specific industrial applications include the decolorization of sugar syrups the removal of sulfurous, phenolic, and hydrocarbon contaminants from wastewater the purification of various aqueous solutions of acids, alkalies, amines, glycols, salts, gelatin, vinegar, fruit juices, pectin, glycerol, and alcoholic spirits dechlorination the removal of... 

Cationic polymerization of cyclosiloxanes is well known but used much less frequently than anionic reactions. The most widely used catalysts include sulfuric acid and its derivatives, alkyl and aryl sulfonic acids and trifluoroacetic acid1 2,1221. Due to their ease of removal, in industrial applications acid catalysts are generally employed on supports such as bentonite clay or Fuller s earth. 

Titanium dioxide (E171, Cl white 6) is a white, opaque mineral occurring naturally in three main forms rutile, anatase, and brookite. More than 4 million tons of titanium dioxide are produced per year and it is widely used for industrial applications (paints, inks, plastics, textiles) and in small amounts as a food colorant. ° "° Production and properties — Titanium oxide is mainly produced from ilmenite, a titaniferous ore (FeTiOj). Rutile and anatase are relatively pure titanium dioxide (Ti02) forms. Titanium oxide pigment is produced via chloride or sulfate processes via the treatment of the titanium oxide ore with chlorine gas or sulfuric acid, followed by a series of purification steps. High-purity anatase is preferred for utilization in the food industry. It may be coated with small amounts of alumina or silica to improve technological properties. 

Several of these phosphorus sulfides are produced commercially for industrial applications. P4S3 is one of the key chemical constituents of strike-anywhere matches and has been used industrially for this purpose ever since 1898. P4S10 is the most widely industrially used of the phosphorus sulfides with applications in the preparation of lubricant additives and pesticides and in organic chemistry to convert carbonyl or alcohol groups into their sulfur analogues (see Section 5.4). 

XRF is widely used in industrial applications where a large number of elements need to be determined quantitatively. It is used for continuous quality control in the steel industry (e.g., the determination of Mn, Cr, Ni, Co, etc., in the production of stainless steels), and also for casting quality of coins in the Royal Mint (where Cu, Ni, and Zn are continuously monitored). Geological applications include whole rock analyses and clay identification. The power industry uses it as pollution control management, measuring sulfur and heavy metal concentrations in fuels (coal, oil) and ash. 

The generation of the required reducing gas is very expensive because natural gas or low sulfur oil are used. Both of these fuels are in short supply and do not offer long-term solutions to the problem. However, in certain industrial processes, like petroleum refineries, a reducing gas could be readily available. Also, if a Claus sulfur recovery plant existed on-site, the concentrated SO2 stream could be sent to the Claus plant where it would mix with the H2S containing gas streams. Final adjustment of the H2S S02 ratio would be necessary. If the overall sulfur balance were favorable, the need for a reducing gas could be avoided. Either of these options could make the use of a recovery process economically attractive for industrial applications. 

Some derivatives of 1,2,3-trithiolane have been used as starting materials for sulfur-containing polymers <84MI 4l5-0l>. Industrial applications for 1,2,3-trithiolane derivatives include their use as high-pressure lubricant oil additives <88EGP258606>, plasticizers and antioxidants <89EGP263770>. 

Lead dioxide is an oxidizing agent as well as a source of oxygen. It has many industrial applications. When heated with sulfur, the sulfur is oxidized to sulfur dioxide producing lead sulfate ... 

Sulfuric acid is manufactured by two processes namely, the chamber process and the contact process. The chamber process was discovered in 1746 and was used to produce sulfuric acid for over a century. This process was replaced hy the contact process which has a lower production cost and yields a more concentrated acid needed for most industrial applications. The chamber process is obsolete now but for historical interest it is outlined below. 

The primary driver in sulfur recovery applications is not economic potential, but rather environmental regulation. The capital investment required for sulfur recovery facilities is significant. Increasing pressure to maximize recovery and throughput at minimum investment is constantly being brought to bear on the chemical process industry. 

The industrial application of the Co304 catalyst for ammonia oxidation is complicated by its sensitivity to poisoning action of small amounts of sulfur compounds in the ammonia-air mixture. This phenomenon was studied with the use of radioactive sulfur containing S3s that made it possible to measure very low concentrations of sulfur (168). Poisoning results in decrease both of selectivity and limiting load. A noticeable decrease in selectivity starts at sulfur concentrations in the gas mixture from 0.05 mg/m3. This concentration is many times lower than minimum H2S and S02 concentrations in air detected by smell. 

The hydrolysis of seleno- and telluropyrylium dyes involves nucleophilic addition of water to the substrate. a,f3-LJnsaturated selones and -tellones 60 are intermediates in this reaction (Equation 22) <1997JOC4692, 1998JOC5716>. Diketones are the primary hydrolysis products isolated in high yields from these reactions. The tellurium derivative hydrolyzes most rapidly over the pH range 3-12, with the sulfur analogue least reactive under these conditions. Seleno- and telluropyrylium dyes are important both for their biological activities and potential industrial applications (see Section 7.11.8). 

Accelerated sulfur formulations are the most common vulcanisation systems used in commercial and industrial applications. Therefore, research on both the fundamental and applied aspects of accelerated sulfur vulcanisation is ongoing. Several reviews of the chemistry and/or physics of accelerated sulfur-vulcanisation of elastomers have been published [13, 14, 22, 23]. 

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