Royal Mint

After returning to Cambridge in 1667, Newton was elected Fellow of Trinity College. Two years later he succeeded Barrow as Lucasian Professor. In 1696 Newton moved to London. He served first as Warden and from 1699 to his death in 1727 as Master of the Royal Mint. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London m 1671, and the President of this society in 1703, a position he retained for the rest of his life. He also semed two undistinguished terms as a Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge (1689-1690 and 1701—1702). He was knighted in Cambridge in 1705. 

XRF is widely used in industrial applications where a large number of elements need to be determined quantitatively. It is used for continuous quality control in the steel industry (e.g., the determination of Mn, Cr, Ni, Co, etc., in the production of stainless steels), and also for casting quality of coins in the Royal Mint (where Cu, Ni, and Zn are continuously monitored). Geological applications include whole rock analyses and clay identification. The power industry uses it as pollution control management, measuring sulfur and heavy metal concentrations in fuels (coal, oil) and ash. 

On his way home from the Netherlands he studied mining and metallurgy in the Harz, and in 1727 he was placed in charged of the chemical laboratory at the Bureau of Mines in Stockholm, which was then in poor financial condition. After the laboratory was sold, Brandt and his students Henrik Teofil Scheffer and Axel Fredrik Cronstedt carried on their epoch-making researches at the Royal Mint, and in 1730 Brandt became assay master of the Mint. Three years later he published a systematic investigation of arsenic and its compounds in which he showed that arsenic is a semi-metal and that white arsenic [arsenious oxide] is its calx (35). 

In 1782 Hjelm was made Assay Master of the Royal Mint at Stockholm, and twelve years later he became Director of the Chemistry Laboratory at the Bureau of Mines. He died in that city on October 7, 1813 (7). 

Abridged from the Ontario Report, pp. 317-319, in the compilation of which the data were obtained from Rigg s Annual Reports of the Royal Mint, London, 1911,1913, and 1914. 

Although the English Parliament had banned alchemy, the Parliament itself sought to gain from it and established Parliamentary Commissions in 1456 and 1457 to ascertain whether alchemy could be a feasible method of pa dng off national debts. Shortly afterwards, Richard Carter was issued a license for alchemy in 1476. He experimented with all kinds of metals and minerals. As late as 1680, Sir Isaac Newton was quietly experimenting with alchemy, whilst administering the Royal Mint. 

Isaac Newton (1643-1727), English physicist, astronomer and mathematician, and professor at Cambridge University. In 1672, he became a member of the Royal Society of London, and in 1699, he became the director of the Royal Mint, who was said to be merciless to the forgers. In 1705, Newton became a Lord. In the opus magnum mentioned above, he developed the notions of space, time, mass, and force, gave three principles of dynamics and the law of gravity and showed that the latter pertains to problems that differ enormously in their scale (e.g., the famous apple and the planets). Newton is also a founder of differential and integral calculus (Independently from G.W. Leibnitz). 

VI. W. T. Brande and A. S. Taylor, Chemistry, 1863. Brande also wrote A Manual of Pharmacy, 1825 . 4 Dictionary of Materia Medica, 1839 Analysis of the Well Water at the Royal Mint, with some Remarks on the Waters of the London Wells, 1851 (Chem. Soc. Libr.) and A Sketch of the History of Alchemy , J, Sci, Arts, 1820, ix, 225-39. 

In 1727 Georg Brandt was appointed manager for the Laboratorium Chymicum with the duty to analyze different ores and make chemical experiments of benefit for the noble metallurgy . Premises were made available in the Royal Mint. Under Brandt s leadership the Laboratorium... 

A few days before his 67th birthday, Taddei was appointed director of refining and consulting chemist of the Florence Royal Mint. Improved instmments for casting molten metals was perhaps the last scientific activity to which he applied his efforts prior to his death just a year later, 28 May 1860. 

---