Sulfonate softening

Avitone . [DuPont] Sodium alkyl sulfonates softeners for textiles, paper, leather, elastoma s. 

Sohd materials, such as gilsonite and asphalt, and partially soluble sulfonated asphalt may also be added to plug small fractures in exposed shale surfaces and thereby limit water entry into the formation (105,124). The asphalts are oxidized or treated to impart partial solubiUty. These materials may be softened by the downhole temperature, causing them to deform and squeeze into small openings exposed to the borehole. Laboratory tests designed to evaluate shale-stabilizing muds have confirmed the beneficial action of these materials (125) (see also Soil STABILIZATION). 

Water is softened by removing calcium and magnesium ions from hard water in exchange for sodium ions at sites on cation-exchange resin. Water softeners typically use a gel polystyrene sulfonate cation-exchange resin regenerated with a 10% salt brine solution (25). 

Mixtures containing sulfated castor oil were used to increase the lubricity of water base drilling fluids (123). Sulfated castor oil is also used in dishwashing compounds as a hand softener. A typical cleaning composition contains sodium dodecylben2ene sulfonate, sulfated castor oil, ethanol, and water. A sulfated derivative of castor oil is used as a dispersant for plaster of Paris, reducing the water needed to form a plastic slurry (124). Pesticide emulsions can be stabilized using ethoxylated castor oil (125). 

Softening Cation Polystyrene matrix Sulfonic acid functional groups Nad... 

Resins containing these functional groups are generally available in one or more forms for example, strong acid cation resin is typically a sulfonated polystyrene type, available either in the hydrogen form (H+ ) or in the sodium form (Na+). The sodium form of this resin is used for water softening. 

Sodium ion exchange. Sodium ion exchange on zeolites (Section 7.3) or on synthetic organic cation-exchange resins such as Dowex-50 (a sulfonated polystyrene Fig. 14.1), in most circumstances, is superior to the above softening methods.13 The exchange process favors binding of Ca2+ or Mg2+ over Na+ in the solid resin phase ... 

Imidazolinium derivatives are recommended as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting and hair conditioning agents, foaming agents, fabric softeners, and antistatic agents. There is some evidence dial in cosmetic formulations certain imidazolinium derivatives reduce eye irritation caused by sulfate and sulfonate surfactants present in these products. 

Loeb-Sourirajan membranes based on sulfonated polysulfone and substituted poly(vinyl alcohol) produced by Hydranautics (Nitto) have also found a commercial market as high-flux, low-rejection membranes in water softening applications because their divalent ion rejection is high. These membranes are also chlorine-resistant and have been able to withstand up to 40 000 ppm h of chlorine exposure without degradation.1 The structures of the polymers used by Hydranautics are shown in Figure 5.8. 

Sodium softeners are used to treated RO influent water to remove soluble hardness (calcium, magnesium, barium, and strontium) that can form scale on RO membranes. Once known as sodium zeolite softeners, zeolites have been replaced with synthetic plastic resin beads. For sodium softeners, these resin beads are strongly acidic cation (SAC) polystyrene resin in the sodium form. The active group is benzene sulfonic acid, in the sodium, not free acid, form. Figure 8.12 shows styrene-divinylbenzene gel cation resin. Equation 8.4 shows the softening reaction for calcium exchange ... 

Anionic softeners are heat stable at normal textile processing temperatures and compatible with other components of dye and bleach baths. They can easily be washed off and provide strong antistatic effects and good rewetting properties because their anionic groups are oriented outward and are surrounded by a thick hydration layer. Sulfonates are, in contrast to sulfates, resistent to hydrolysis (Fig. 3.3). They are often used for special applications, such as medical textiles, or in combination with anionic fluorescent brightening agents. 

Before the growth of organic chemistry and techniques for sulfonating fats and oils, tanners emulsified oils for leather softeners with soap and protective colloids. These mixtures were prepared as water-in-oil emulsions, called mayonnaise in the trade and added to the water in the drum with the leather. They are still used but not nearly as frequently as sulf(on)ated oils. On the other hand, salts of naphthenic acid are used with hydrocarbon oils (e.g., 11) to make the reverse forms of these. 

Nanohltration membranes allow partial permeation of monovalent salts such as sodium chloride, while they completely reject bivalent salts and hardness from aqueous solutions. This has led to the use of NF membranes as water softeners by removal of total hardness and sulfates from seawater and for removal of NaCl from cheese whey. NF membranes have also been successfully utilized for treating textile dye and olive processing wastewaters to recover recyclable water. Another common application is removal of color from effluents and process solutions. One such example is the separation of color causing compounds such as lignin sulfonates from paper pulping wastewater. 

Alkylations of sulfones with secondary alkyl halides have been described only rarely.43 .438 They usually proceed with modest yields and require both long reaction times and the presence of HMPA (Scheme 106, entry b). The presence of an aryl group on the carbanionic center softens this site however, and usually favors the alkylation reaction.443.46i,463... 

Avitone [Du Pont], TM for a group of chemical compounds based on hydrocarbon sodium sulfonates that are used principally as softening lubricating and finishing agents for textiles, leather, and paper. 

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