Sulfidizing environments

Electrochemical treeing is appHed in those cases of water treeing in which the water contains solute ions which move under the action of an electric field and are detected within the insulation layer, or at an electrode surface after having passed through the insulation. They are not encountered as often as the first two classes, for example, trees formed in a cable exposed to a hydrogen sulfide environment called sulfide trees. 

The rotary drill bits are generally made from quench and tempered steel alloys such as AISI 3115 to 3120, 4620, 4815 to 4820 and 8620 to 8720. The only corrosion related problem that can arise may result from a hydrogen sulfide environment. The bearing in the roller rock bits can be damaged by H S contamination of drilling fluid. However, a well conditioned drilling fluid at... 

One of the most effective methods of preventing corrosion is the selection of the proper metal or alloy for a particular corrosive service. Once the conditions of service and environment have been determined that the equipment must withstand, there are several materials available commercially that can be selected to perform an effective service in a compatible environment. Some of the major problems arise from popular misconceptions for example, the use of stainless steel. Stainless steel is not stainless and is not the most corrosion-resistant material. Compatibility of material with service environment is therefore essential. For example, in a hydrogen sulfide environment, high-strength alloys (i.e., yield strength above 90,000 psi or Rc 20 to 22) should be avoided. In material selection some factors that are important to consider are material s physical and chemical properties, economics and availability. 

Perlinger JA, W Angst, RP Schwarzenbach (1996) Kinetics of the reduction of hexachloroethane by juglone in solutions containing hydrogen sulfide. Environ Sci Technol 30 3408-3417. 

Layton DW, Cederwall RT. 1986. Assessing and managing the risks of accidental releases of hazardous gas A case study of natural gas wells contaminated with hydrogen sulfide. Environment International 12 519-532. 

Ankley, G.T., V.R. Mattson, E.N. Leonard, C.W. West, and J.L. Bennett. 1993. Predicting the acute toxicity of copper in freshwater sediments evaluation of the role of acid-volatile sulfide. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12 315-320. 

Adams, N.W.H. and J.R. Kramer. 1998. Reactivity of Ag+ ion with thiol ligands in the presence of iron sulfide. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 625-629. 

Adewuyi, Y.G. and Carmichael, G.R. Kinetics of hydrolysis and oxidation of carbon disulfide by hydrogen peroxide in alkaline medium and application to carbonyl sulfide, Environ. Sci. Technol, 21(2) 170-177, 1987. 

Barbash, J.E. and Reinhard, M. Abiotic dehalogenation of 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,2-dibromoethane in aqueous solution containing hydrogen sulfide. Environ. Sci. TechnoL., 23(11) 1349-1358, 1989. 

Squires, G.C. Moore, P.J. 2004. Voicanogenic massive sulfide environments of the Tally Pond volcanics and adjacent area geological, lithogeochemical and geochronological results. In Current Research, Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey Branch, Report 04-1, 63-91. 

Butler, E. C., and K. F. Hayes, Kinetics of the transformation of halogenated aliphatic compounds by iron sulfide , Environ. Sci. Technol., 34,422-429 (2000). 

Wolthers, M., Charlet, L., van Der Weijden, C.H. et al. (2005) Arsenic mobility in the ambient sulfidic environment sorption of arsenic(V) and arsenic(III) onto disordered mackinawite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69(14), 3483-92. 

Mobilization of arsenic can be promoted by the presence of other solutes and their interaction with arsenic to form complexes, as detailed above for NOM. As(V) has been documented to form complexes with calcium and magnesium in brackish water and seawater (Cullen and Reimer, 1989). Arsenic commonly forms complexes with sulfide, such as As3S3(SH)3° (Bostick, Fendorf and Manning, 2003) (Chapter 3). These complexes may exist in slightly sulfidic environments. Arsenic-fluoride complexes (e.g. AsC F2-and HAsC F-) can also form in high-fluoride waters ((Apambire and Hess, 2000 Bundschuh, Bonorino and Viero, 2000), Chapter 3). 

The protobranch mollusc, Solemya reidi, is a shallow water bivalve which lives in very high sulfide environments and maintains an autotrophic mode of nutrition via symbiotic sulfur oxidizing bacteria located in the gills (5Q). It can... 

Butler EC, Hayes KF. Kinetics of the transformation of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene by iron sulfide. Environ Sci Technol 1999 33 2021-2027. 

Di Toro DM, Mahony JD, Hansen DJ, Scott KJ, Hicks MB, Mayr SM, Redmond MS. 1990. Toxicity of cadmium in sediments the role of acid volatile sulfide. Environ Toxicol Chem 9 1487-1502. 

Cerium sulfide pigments are produced from hydrated cerium oxide or oxalate and calcined in an oxygen-free, sulfide environment. They are silica-encapsulated to minimize water-reactivity and to improve heat stability and chemical resistance properties. Because of their low relative value-in-use, they are used primarily in engineering plastics and in particular the polyamides where high-performance organic colorant alternatives and other inorganic pigment alternatives are few. 

Fukai, T. and K. Matsumoto, Surface modification effects on hydrogen permeation in high-temperature, high-pressure, hydrogen-hydrogen sulfide environments. Corrosion (Houston), 50, 522 (1994). 

Tops0e et al. (98) found from the IR spectra of adsorbed NO that in sulfided CoMo/Al or NiMo/Al catalysts the phosphorus addition favors a less sulfided environment of the CoMoS or NiMoS phases. Iwamoto and Grimblot (67) determined that phosphorus decreases the sulfidabUity of molybdenum in NiMo/Al as in the case of Mo/Al, whereas the addition of phosphorus has a less positive effect on nickel sulfidability because the nickel species in NiMo/Al are predominantly associated with molybdenum species rather than with alumina. 

Inconel (typically 76% Ni, 7% Fe, 15% Cr) is used primarily for acid resistance at high temperatures. It maintains its strength at elevated temperature and is resistant to furnace gases, if sulfur free. It is not suitable for use in sulfidizing environments. Nickel alloys with higher chromium content such as Incoloy 800 (21% Cr) and RA-33 (25% Cr) have better oxidation resistance at higher temperatures. 

Clarke, M. B., and Helz, G. R., 2000, Metal-thiometalate transport of biologically active trace elements in sulfidic environments. 1. Experimental evidence for copper thioarsenite complexing Environmental Science Technology, v. 34, p. 1477-1482. 

Bagreev, A., Bashkova, S., Locke, D.C., and Bandosz, T.J. (2001). Sewage sludge derived materials as efficient adsorbents for removal of hydrogen sulfide. Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 1537-43. 

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