Sulfates ternary

Figure 2.43. Viscosity polytherms of the alkali metal sulfate ternary eutectics with the addition of C0SO4. eutectics with the addition of C0SO4. o - ternary eutectics - 2% C0SO4 A - 5% C0SO4 ...

Hagiwara, K., et al, In vivo gene transfer using pDNA/chitosan/chondroitin sulfate ternary complexes influence of chondroitin sulfate on the stability of freeze-dried complexes and transgene expression in vivo. The Journal of Gene Medicine, 15 (2) 83-92,2013. 

Thousands of compounds of the actinide elements have been prepared, and the properties of some of the important binary compounds are summarized in Table 8 (13,17,18,22). The binary compounds with carbon, boron, nitrogen, siUcon, and sulfur are not included these are of interest, however, because of their stabiUty at high temperatures. A large number of ternary compounds, including numerous oxyhaUdes, and more compHcated compounds have been synthesized and characterized. These include many intermediate (nonstoichiometric) oxides, and besides the nitrates, sulfates, peroxides, and carbonates, compounds such as phosphates, arsenates, cyanides, cyanates, thiocyanates, selenocyanates, sulfites, selenates, selenites, teUurates, tellurites, selenides, and teUurides. 

The Diels-Alder reaction of methyl methacrylate with cyclopentadiene was studied [72] with solutions from three different regions of the pseudophase diagram for toluene, water and 2-propanol, in the absence and in the presence of surfactant [sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB)]. The composition of the three solutions (Table 6.11) corresponds to a W/O-fiE (A), a solution of small aggregates (B) and a normal ternary solution (C). The diastereoselectivity was practically constant in the absence and in the presence of surfactant a slight increase of endo adduct was observed in the C medium in the presence of surfactant. This suggests that the reaction probably occurs in the interphase and that the transition state has a similar environment in all three media. 

Apart from the two classifications described above, electrolytes may also be classified according to the number and valence of the ions produced. Thus, sodium chloride and copper sulfate may both be termed binary electrolytes since one molecule of each of these chemical substances is capable of producing two ions. In the case of sodium chloride, both the ions produced are univalent so that this substance may also be called a uni-univalent electrolyte. Copper sulfate, however, yields two bivalent ions and so may be called a bibivalent electrolyte. The valences of the ions are quoted in the positive-negative sequence. Calcium chloride and potassium sulfate are both ternary electrolytes since one molecule of each yields three ions the former is bi-univalent, whilst the latter is uni-bivalent. 

Maeda, K., Kuramochi, H., Shinkawa, T.,andFukui, K. Solubility oftwo salts containing sulfate and chloride ions in water for ternary systems at 313 K, 7 Chem. Eng. Data, 47(6) 1472-1475. 2002. 

A primary hydration number of 6 for Fe + in aqueous (or D2O) solution has been indicated by neutron diffraction with isotopic substitution (NDIS), XRD, 16,1017 EXAFS, and for Fe " " by NDIS and EXAFS. Fe—O bond distances in aqueous solution have been determined, since 1984, for Fe(H20)/+ by EXAFS and neutron diffraction, for ternary Fe " "-aqua-anion species by XRD (in sulfate and in chloride media, and in bromide media ), for Fe(H20)g by neutron diffraction, and for ternary Fe -aqua-anion species. The NDIS studies hint at the second solvation shell in D2O solution high energy-resolution incoherent quasi-elastic neutron scattering (IQENS) can give some idea of the half-lives of water-protons in the secondary hydration shell of ions such as Fe aq. This is believed to be less than 5 X I0 s, whereas t>5x10 s for the binding time of protons in the primary hydration shell. X-Ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS—EXAFS and XANES) has been used... 

Ternary and secondary alcohols are less acidic than primary alcohols. Methylation of HOCCfCH OH with Me2S04 and alkali hydroxide in aqueous medium, analogous to die procedure for HG=CCH20CH3 (exp. 2.1), is therefore expected to give a poor result. In the aprotic DMSO, however, the concentration of the alkoxide HC=CC(CH3>20K will be sufficient, while the alkylation will proceed smoothly in this strongly polar solvent. Undoubtedly, pan of the dimethyl sulfate will react with KOH to give methanol (which may further react to dimethyl ether). Therefore, an excess of Me2S04 and KOH is used. 

There are many different types of surfaces available for reactions in the atmosphere. In the stratosphere, these include ice crystals, some containing nitric acid, liquid sulfuric acid-water mixtures, and ternary solutions of nitric and sulfuric acids and water. In the troposphere, liquid particles containing sulfate, nitrate, organics, trace metals, and carbon are common. Sea... 

There is evidence from laboratory studies that heterogeneous reactions on sulfate particles may be important in the upper troposphere as well. For example, HCHO uptake into sulfuric acid solutions or ternary mixtures of sulfuric and nitric acids and water has been observed in laboratory studies (e.g., Tolbert et al., 1993 Jayne et al., 1996 Iraci and Tolbert, 1997). In sulfuric acid, the effective Henry s law constant at the low... 

Some field measurements of HN03 suggest that the formation of liquid or solid Type I PSCs depends on the initial background sulfate aerosols on which the PSCs form. If they are liquid, then liquid ternary solution PSCs tend to form first as the temperature drops below 192 K, whereas if the sulfate particles are initially solids, solid Type lc PSCs may be generated (Santee et al., 1998). 

Elysee-Collen, B. and Lencki, R. (1996). Protein ternary phase diagrams. I. Effect of ethanol, ammonium sulfate and temperature on the phase behaviour of type gelatin. J. Agric. Food Chem., 44, 1651-1657. 

Figure 8.7 shows the ternary phase diagram for water, hexanoic acid, and sodium dodecyl sulfate at 25 °C. Seven different areas are shown in the figure, which has been used to describe the solubilization of polar dirt by surfactant solutions in detergency applications. The following comments refer to these seven different regions and explain the labeling used in Figure 8.7 ...

FIG. 8.7 Ternary phase diagram for water (W), hexanoic acid (A), sodium dodecyl sulfate (S) at 25°C. See text for a description of the various regions. (Redrawn, with permission, from A. S. C. Lawrence, Chem. Ind., 44, 1764 (1961).)... 

Figure 16.2. Some phase diagrams, (a) The water end of the system potassium chloride and water, (b) The water end of the system sodium chloride and water, (c) The water end of the system magnesium sulfate and water the heptahydrate goes to the mono at 150°C, and to anhydrous at 200°C. (d) /3-methylnaphthalene and /S-chloronaphthalene form solid solutions, (e) Mixtures of formamide and pyridine form a simple eutectic, (f) These mixtures form binary eutectics at the indicated temperatures and a ternary eutectic at mol fractions 0.392 dibenzyl, 0.338 diphenyl, and 0.27 naphthalene.

For a number of years, thallium sulfate had been used in rodenticides. Some use of thallium has been made in connection with alloys for low-temperature applications, particularly for switches, seals, and thermometers. The ternary eutectic mercury-thallium-indium alloy has a freezing point of —63.3 JCt while the binary eutectic mercury-thallium alloy has a freezing point of — 60°C. These freezing points are considerably lower than that of mercury usually used for similar applications at higher temperatures. Mercury freezes at —38.87JC. 

Trask, B. C., Trask, T. M., Broekelmann, T., and Mecham, R. P. (2000). The microfibrillar proteins MAGP-1 and fibrillin-1 form a ternary complex with the chondroi-tin sulfate proteoglycan decorin. Mol. Biol. Cell 11, 1499-1507. 

Hung et al. (1982) developed a sensitive and selective method for silver analysis by reacting silver (I) with 2(3,5-dibromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethyl amino phenol in the presence of an anionic surfactant, sodium lauryl sulfate. The ternary complex formed is red and exhibits an absorption peak at 570 nm. Hung and his co-workers employed EDTA as a chelating agent, thereby reducing the interference of common ions. Recoveries were good, and a detection limit of 0.39 ppm of silver was achieved. 

Predominant P—O Fission. In the absence of Zn2+ ion, the reactions of PPS and PCA were very slow. Therefore, Zn2+ ion is essential for faster reaction. The kinetics described later indicate that the reaction proceeds through the formation of ternary complex (A) as illustrated in Figure 13. The oximate anion in A may either attack phosphorus (Path a) or sulfur (Path b). Inorganic sulfate was obtained quantitatively. This itself is not proof of Path a, because C (prepared separately) was found to be hydrolyzed readily to give sulfate under the same reaction conditions. However, the other isolated major product was B instead of the oxime catalyst that would be regenerated from C. The product B gave methylphenylphosphate when solvolyzed in methanol in the presence of Zn2+ ion. Methylphenylphosphate also was obtained directly from A in the reaction in methanol, whereas the formation of methylsulfate was not detected. Thus, these results all indicate that the Zn2+PCA complex promotes predominant P—O fission. 

These observations on the sulfuric acid catalyst arc full in line with the general thermodynamic behaviour of fused catalyst systems. The mctastablc solid in Figure 2 has to be replaced in this case by a cascade of the partly reduced vanadium ternary sulfates. The processes sketched above occur under thermodynamic control in a quaternary phase diagram, vanadium-oxygen-sulfur-alkali, as illustrated by the reversibility of the exsolution of the partly reduced vanadium compounds under suitable partial pressures of oxygen... 

A large number of ternary compounds of nickel and cobalt exist (including the carbonates, hydroxides, nitrates, sulfates, etc.), but the chemistry of these materials is typical of other compounds containing these anions. The sulfides of copper are important compounds because the metal is frequently found naturally as the sulfide. There are two common sulfides, CU2S and CuS, but CU2S is more stable so when CuS is heated the following reaction occurs ... 

The solubility data of carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions of binary mixed salts obtained in this study are summarized in Table I those for ternary mixed salts are summarized in Tables II, III, and IV. Figures 1 and 2 show the solubility data for the potassium chloride-calcium chloride and sodium chloride-sodium sulfate-ammonium chloride mixed solutions, respectively, which are representative of all the data. The salting-out effect was shown in all the systems studied. 

Figure 3 shows the plot for potassium chloride-calcium chloride binary salt system. Figure 4 shows the plot for sodium chloride-sodium sulfate-ammonium chloride ternary salt system. As shown in these figures, the plots of log(L0/L) vs. salt concentration all curve upward convexly, and the effects of these mixed salts on the solubility of carbon dioxide in the aqueous solutions do not show a direct correlation by the Setschenow Equation. These features are the same in all the mixed-salt systems considered here. 

Type IV includes chiral phases that usually interact with the enantiomeric analytes through the formation of metal complexes. There are usually used to separate amino acid enantiomers. These types of phases are also called ligand exchange phases. The transient diastereomeric complexes are ternary metal complexes between a transitional metal (usually Cu +), an amino acid enantiomeric analyte, and another compound immobilized on the CSP which is able to undergo complexation with the transitional metal (see also the ligand exchange section. Section 22.5). The two enantiomers are separated based on the difference in the stability constant of the two diastereomeric species. The mobile phases used to separate such enantiomeric analytes are usually aqueous solutions of copper (II) salts such as copper sulfate or copper acetate. To modulate the retention, several parameters—such as the pH of the mobile phase, the concentration of the copper ion, or the addition of an organic modifier such as acetonitrile or methanol in the mobile phase—can be varied. 

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