Sulfates, as surfactants

Ethoxylated methylcarboxylates Propoxyethoxy glyceryl sulfonate Alkylpropoxyethoxy sulfate as surfactant, xanthan, and a copolymer of acrylamide and sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate Carboxymethylated ethoxylated surfactants (CME) Polyethylene oxide (PEG) as a sacrificial adsorbate Polyethylene glycols, propoxylated/ethoxylated alkyl sulfates Mixtures of sulfonates and nonionic alcohols Combination of lignosulfonates and fatty amines Alkyl xylene sulfonates, polyethoxylated alkyl phenols, octaethylene glycol mono n-decyl ether, and tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride Anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cationic tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (TTAC), nonionic pentadecylethoxylated nonylphenol (NP-15), and nonionic octaethylene glycol N-dodecyl ether Dimethylalkylamine oxides as cosurfactants and viscosifiers (N-Dodecyl)trimethylammonium bromide Petrochemical sulfonate and propane sulfonate of an ethoxylated alcohol or phenol Petrochemical sulfonate and a-olefin sulfonate... 

FIG. 6 Electrical potential oscillation across the octanol membrane with sodium dodecyl sulfate as surfactant (A) and between octanol and aqueous phases (B and C). All data were obtained using the inverted U-shaped cell (al) water, (a2) 8mM sodium dodecyl sulfate and 5M ethanol, (b) octanol containing 8mM tetrabutylammonium chloride, (c) Ag/AgCl electrode, (d) KCl salt bridge, and (e) saturated KCl. (Ref. 26.)... 

A continuous foam flow was generated by the micro mixer, which was composed of small bubbles of hydrogen with a diameter of about 200 pm in the liquid [ethylene glycol/water, 60 40 (w/w) sodium dodecyl sulfate as surfactant] (see Figure 3.77). The reaction rate was proportional to the catalyst concentration and decreased with increasing surfactant concentration [6],... 

A predictive molecular thermodynamics approach is developed for microemulsions, to determine their structural and compositional characteristics [3.7]. The theory is built upon a molecular level model for the free energy change. For illustrative purposes, numerical calculations are performed for the system water, cyclohexane, sodium dodecyl sulfate as surfactant, pentanol as cosurfactant and NaCl as electrolyte. The droplet radius, the thickness of the surfactant layer at the interface, the number of molecules of various species in the droplets, and the distribution of the components between droplets and the continuous phase are calculated. The theory also predicts the transition from a mi-... 

Molybdenum is rapidly extracted from sea water by a sorbing colloid flotation method. Optimum collection by ferric hydroxide takes place at pH 4.0, when the colloid has an apparent maximum positive charge density and is able to sorb molybdenum nearly quantitatively as molybdate anion. From a 500 ml sample of sea water molybdenum is accumulated in the foam on the water surface in 5 min. using sodium dodeeyl sulfate as surfactant and air bubbling through the solution 89,90). 

Sinou and co-workers [73] studied the influence of different surfactants on the palladium-catalyzed asymmetric alkylation of l,3-diphenyl-2-propenyl acetate with dimethyl malonate in presence of potassium carbonate as base and non-water-soluble chiral ligands. Best results in activity and enatioselectivity (> 90% ee) were observed with 2,2 -bis(diphenylphosphino)-l,l -binaphthyl (BINAP) as ligand and cetyltrimethylammonium hydrogen sulfate as surfactant in aqueous medium. Water-stable Lewis acids as catalysts for aldol reactions were developed by Kobayashi and co-workers [74]. An acceleration of the reaction was indicated in presence of SDS as anionic surfactants. An additional promotion could be observed by combination of Lewis acid and surfactant (LASCs = Lewis acid-surfactant-combined catalysts) as shown in Eq. (3). Surfactant the anion of dodecanesulfonic acid. 

For the emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate without seed polymer imder purified nitrogen, using sodium laiuyl sulfate as surfactant and potassium persulfate as initiator, at 50°C, with agitation at 400 rpm in a resin kettle of 500 ml capacity, the same research group made the following observations [143]. 

Through a surfactant balance. Smith and Ewart determined that the rate of polymerisation is proportional to the surfactant concentration to the 0.6 power, and to the initiator concentration to the 0.4 power. Smith used styrene as monomer and sodium dodecyl sulfate as surfactant in his experiments demonstrating the concept. In practice, most monomer/surfactant systems deviate from the ideal Smith-Ewart kinetics. However, equation (1) is rigorous for all emulsion polymer systems ... 

The emulsion polymerization reaction was accompHshed in conventional manner using potassium persulfate as initiator and sodium dodecyl sulfate as surfactant Stable composite latexes with diameters in the range of 50 to 150 nm were successfully produced, provided that the original clay suspension was stable enough. 

The reaction of 2-amino-3-(2-propyityl)tliiazolium bromide with various iodo-benzenes, catalyzed by Pd/Cu, in the presence of sodium lauiyl sulfate as surfactant and cesium carbonate as base, in water, leads to the formation of 6-substituted imidazo[2,l-b]thiazoles [19]. 

An example of a [2 -b 2 ] photocycloaddition in water of inclusion complexes was reported byToda. Inclusion crystals of iV-aIlyl-3-oxo-l-cyclohexenecarboxamides with chiralhosts derived from tartaric acid, suspended in water containing an alkyl sulfate as surfactant, irradiated at room temperature for 10 h, gave regio- and enantioselectively cycloadducts 121 (Scheme 5.39). 

The alcohol sulfates (AS) surfactants constitute approximately 6% of surfactant consumption. They have the advantage of being efficiently derived from renewable sources and can function as partial replacements for LABS in some applications. Their current major applications are in personal care products and emulsion polymerization processes. Because their biodegradability is essentially the same as that of soaps, AS surfactants seem to have a reasonably friendly reception on environmental grounds. 

The detergent range alcohols and their derivatives have a wide variety of uses ia consumer and iadustrial products either because of surface-active properties, or as a means of iatroduciag a long chain moiety iato a chemical compound. The major use is as surfactants (qv) ia detergents and cleaning products. Only a small amount of the alcohol is used as-is rather most is used as derivatives such as the poly(oxyethylene) ethers and the sulfated ethers, the alkyl sulfates, and the esters of other acids, eg, phosphoric acid and monocarboxyhc and dicarboxyhc acids. Major use areas are given ia Table 11. 

Sodium fatty acid ester sulfonates are known to be highly attractive as surfactants. These have good wetting abiHty and exceUent calcium ion stabiHty as weU as high detergency without phosphates, and are used in powders or Hquids. They can also be used in the textile industry, emulsion polymerization, cosmetics, and metal surface fields. Moreover, they are attractive because they are produced from renewable natural resources and their biodegradabiHty is almost as good as alkyl sulfates (134—137). 

Primary alcohol sulfates are half esters of sulfuric acid. These substances are relatively simple organic molecules and have been known for a long time. The first alcohol sulfate was prepared by Dumas in 1836 [1] but long-chain alcohol sulfates were not used as surfactants until the 1930s [2]. 

Water serves as a base value in this test and sodium lauryl sulfate as a well-known irritating surfactant. Lauryl ether sulfate served as a substance with high sales volume and good skin tolerance. As was to be expected, lauryl ether sulfate scored only slightly better than lauryl sulfate. Sulfosuccinate values obtained were classified under little skin roughening effect. ... 

Phosphoric acid esters of alcohols or ethoxylated alcohols are recommended as surfactants which are mild to the skin. Thus they are successfully used in cosmetics such as shampoos and lotions. In analogy to alkyl sulfates and alkyl ether... 

OS 31] ]R 4] ]P 23] Under electroosmotic flow conditions, the reactant benzene was mobilized as a microemulsion using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as surfactant [103] (see also [14]). The nitronium ions, generated in situ from sulfuric and nitric acid, were moved by electrophoretic forces. By this means, a 65% yield of a nitrobenzene was obtained consecutive nitration products such as 1,3-dinitrobenzene (8% yield) and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (5% yield) were also produced. 

P 20] The reaction was carried out using ethylene glycol/water (60 40 wt.-%) and hydrogen [63, 66]. To stabilize the gas/liquid interface, sodium dodecyl sulfate was added as surfactant. By this means, a foam stable for at least 6 min at 60 °C was achieved. Bubbles of a typical size of 200 pm were formed. The liquid content in the foam amounted to 20%. 

Later, Chung et al. successfully developed an intramolecular Pauson-Khand reaction in water without any cosolvent by using aqueous colloidal cobalt nanoparticles as catalysts. The catalyst was prepared by reducing an aqueous solution of cobalt acetate containing sodium dode-cyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant. The cobalt nanoparticle could be reused eight times without any loss of catalytic activity (Eq. 4.57).107... 

Sodium nitroprusside, 74 536 Sodium nonoxynol-25 sulfate cosmetic surfactant, 7 834t Sodium oleoyl isethionate cosmetic surfactant, 7 834t Sodium orthophosphates, 73 8321 Sodium orthosilicates commercial, 22 465, 466t, 469t manufacture of, 22 464, 465 Sodium oxide(s), 2 273, 22 765 in cement, 5 468 contamination by, 22 776 Sodium ozonide, 79 417 Sodium palmitate, as soap, 22 726 Sodium pentaborate... 

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