Being efficient

The use of tracers enables efficient and reliable measurements of oil, gas and water flow in industrial process units and pipe line systems under production conditions thus fundamentally being non-destructive testing methods. Typical problems which can be efficiently assessed by tracer studies include ... 

Thus, it can basically be predicted under what conditions (pH, concentration of redox species) tire metal dissolution reaction (Fe Fe ) proceeds tliennodynamically. From a practical point of view, tire rate of tire reaction and tlierefore tire fate of tire oxidized species (Fe ) is extremely important tliey can eitlier be solvated, i.e., to fonn Fe (H20) complexes, and tlierefore be efficiently dissolved in tire solution, or tliey can react witli oxygen species of... 

For example, there are also other approaches by Pacher et al. [106], Romero et al. [107], Sidis [40], and Domcke and Stock [42], which developed recipes for construction ab initio diabatic states. These methods can be efficient as long as one encounters, at nwst, one isolated conical intersection in a given region in... 

Various uses have been proposed for aminothiazoles in the field of photography. The more representative examples are given in Table VI-15. The 4-aminothia2ole derivative (425) has been reported to be efficient fog stabilizer for photographic emulsions (1019) (Scheme 241). 

In the three-level system of Figure 9.2(b) population inversion between levels 2 and 1 is achieved by pumping the 3-1 transition. The 3-2 process must be efficient and fast in order to build up the population of level 2 while that of level 1 is depleted. Lasing occurs in the 2-1 transition. 

Chloromethylation can be efficiently effected using chloromethyl methyl ether, in the presence of Lewis acids. However, due to its carcinogenic nature, extreme care should be exercised in its use (46). Alternatively, paraformaldehyde—HCl/ZnCl2 can be used as the chloromethylating agent. 

Mechanical Gleaning. A cleaner is a hydrocyclone device utilizing fluid pressure to create rotational fluid motion (20). Pulp is introduced tangentially near the top of the cleaner. Contaminants denser than water such as chemically treated toner inks and sand migrate toward the outer wall of the cleaner and exit in a separate (reject) stream. For most forward cleaners, optimal ink removal efficiency is obtained at a pulp consistency of 0.2—0.3%. Most forward cleaners deinking efficiency declines at pulp feed consistencies greater than 0.4%. However, a cleaner said to be efficient at 1.2% pulp consistency has been reported (39). 

Personnel are protected in working with tritium primarily by containment of all active material. Containment devices such as process lines and storage media are normally placed in well-ventilated secondary enclosures (hoods or process rooms). The ventilating air is monitored and released through tall stacks environmental tritium is limited to safe levels by atmospheric dilution of the stack effluent. Tritium can be efficiently removed from air streams by catalytic oxidation followed by water adsorption on a microporous soHd absorbent (80) (see Absorption). 

Sieving Methods and Classification Sieving is probably the most frequently used and abused method of analysis because the equipment, an ytical procedure, and basic concepts are deceptively simple. In sieving, the particles are presented to equal-size apertures that constitute a series of go-no-go gauges. Sieve analysis presents three major difficulties (1) with woven-wire sieves, the weaving process produces three-dimensional apertures with considerable tolerances, particularly for fine-woven mesh (2) the mesh is easily damaged in use (3) the particles must be efficiently presented to the sieve apertures. 

Biosensors ai e widely used to the detection of hazardous contaminants in foodstuffs, soil and fresh waters. Due to high sensitivity, simple design, low cost and real-time measurement mode biosensors ai e considered as an alternative to conventional analytical techniques, e.g. GC or HPLC. Although the sensitivity and selectivity of contaminant detection is mainly determined by a biological component, i.e. enzyme or antibodies, the biosensor performance can be efficiently controlled by the optimization of its assembly and working conditions. In this report, the prospects to the improvement of pesticide detection with cholinesterase sensors based on modified screen-printed electrodes are summarized. The following opportunities for the controlled improvement of analytical characteristics of anticholinesterase pesticides ai e discussed ... 

The deposition of metals directly from these halides would require high temperatures to be efficient, but because of the thermodynamic stabilities of the hydrogen halides, direct reduction can readily be carried out with hydrogen at lower temperamres. The general reaction... 

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