Suggestions for Future Research

In the preceding chapters we have attempted to integrate the available evidence in a consistent scheme of FT reactions on simple or ideal catalysts. 

This review cannot be complete, however, without mentioning some significant gaps in our present understanding of this reaction. 

There is also considerable uncertainty as to the fraction of the surface atoms that act as active sites. As mentioned, results that support a Taylor fraction near unity are opposed by other results from which this fraction is concluded to be small. As pulse experiments such as those done by Dautzenberg et al. are open to, among other factors, the criticism that the hydrogenation pulse could have introduced artifacts, it would be desirable to check the product distribution in experiments in which chemically, the steady state is well defined, but pulses are used where normal synthesis gas is replaced 

Another class of problems of which only the surface has been scratched is offered by mixed systems in which a Fischer-Tropsch type catalyst is combined with a solid acid such as a zeolite. Such systems have been used in recent attempts to produce narrower product distributions, and indeed deviations from the normal Schulz-Flory distribution have been reported (82-84). However, at the closing date of this review it was still unclear whether the results are characteristic of the running-in or of the steady-state behavior of the catalyst. In particular, the selective retention of the heavier products within the pores of the support might falsify the apparent catalyst selectivity. Only accurate mass-balancing and/or steady-state data can provide information on true product patterns unspoiled by this running-in phenomenon. 

As it appears preferable to clarify first the better defined systems before including more complicating factors, much work has been concentrated on the simple catalysts, and this review has been focused on that type of work, in an attempt to enable the reader to use his or her own judgment as to what extent the basic questions have been solved and focusing on additional variables is justified. 

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Section VI contains a summary of the conclusions and suggestions for future research. 

Much less attention has been paid to chronic PCP use per se, i.e., the substance use disorder itself. Such issues as the effects of chronic PCP use, and the diagnosis, clinical characterization, and treatment of chronic PCP abusers are rarely discussed in the published literature, even in detailed review articles (Davis 1982 Pearlson 1981 Pradhan 1984). This paper reviews the literature on inpatient and outpatient treatment of PCP abuse, outlines our own experience with PCP users and abusers in one large, public, urban hospital, and makes suggestions for future research based on this information and animal research findings (Balster, this volume). 

Ask El, Azanza RV (2002) Advances in cultivation technology of commercial eucheumatoid species a review with suggestions for future research. Aquaculture206 257-277... 

Obviously these suggestions for future research in allelopathy are only a few of the large numbers that could be given. Hopefully, however, they may give some Impetus to progress in some vital areas of allelopathy. 

The two extreme hypotheses on mixing produce lumped models for the fluid dynamic behavior, whereas real reactors show complex mixing patterns and thus gradients of composition and temperature. It is worthwhile to stress that the fluid dynamic behavior of real reactors strongly depends on their physical dimensions. Moreover, in ideal reactors the chemical reactions are supposed to occur in a single phase (gaseous or liquid), whereas real reactors are often multiphase systems. Two simple examples are the gas-liquid reactors, used to oxidize a reactant dissolved in a liquid solvent and the fermenters, where reactions take place within a solid biomass dispersed in a liquid phase. Real batch reactors are briefly discussed in Chap. 7, in the context of suggestions for future research work. 

In each chapter, a general overview of foundational concepts is given, together with a review of classical and recent literature related to the various topics covered. In detail, the first chapter provides a comprehensive introduction to the main topics of the book, whereas the last chapter presents some suggestions for future research activity in this field. 

This report explores a limited set of hypothetical alternative chemistries of life by following a hierarchy of possibilities that have been ranked through experimental, exploratory, and theoretical work done in the past. The study briefly reviews current knowledge concerning the following questions or hypotheses and provides suggestions for future research. 

Throughout the workshop presentations and discussions, several participants made suggestions for future research needs and pointed out the funding challenges involved. Participants also identified ways to improve education and training in the area of bioinspired chemistry for energy. This chapter highlights those key points. 

The organization of the study is as follows. In the first Section, a H2 production and distribution system is described. Secondly, capital and levelized H2 price estimates are investigated for each of the H2 system components. Thirdly, a life cycle evaluation of primary energy and GHG emissions in the H2 fuel cycle is performed. Sensitivity analyses are performed for the H2 price and the life cycle energy and GHG emissions estimates. The study concludes with a summary of findings and suggestions for future research. 

As a final suggestion for future research, cyclobutanones have also provided the organic photochemist with the opportunity of investigating the existence of unusual and reactive intermediates oxacarbenes, trimethylene biradicals, trimethylenemethane biradicals, acyl alkyl biradicals, and ketenes. Evidence for the intervention of oxacarbenes in the ring-expansion reaction is quite compelling however, their unusual behavior relative to "typical" carbenes (e.g., failure to form cyclopropane adducts with some olefinic substrates) makes them prime subjects for further study and characterization. Unlike oxacarbenes, the existence of acyl alkyl biradicals (e.g., [30]) is tenuous at best. Ideally,... 

A suggestion for future research that might be given serious consideration is the development of a synthetic food lure—one that might be combined with an inexpensive carrier and toxicant and be used in place of fermenting or cereal-based attractants. Such a lure might not have the fault of variable and short-time attraction that is characteristic of most of the food-based lures. Chemicals that prevent deterioration of food-based lures would also be useful. 

Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation Unvalidated assumptions, anomalies, and suggestions for future research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 751-760. 

In the review by Armor [1] a variety of pollutants are discussed with a focus on commercially applied processes using catalysis as a solution. Issues such as the removal of NO.v, SO.v, chlorofluorohydrocarbons (CFC), VOC, carbon monoxide, auto exhaust emission, ozone, nitrous oxide, byproducts from chemicals production, odor control, and toxic gas removal are discussed. In another review Armor [2] discusses specific topics such as monolith technology, new catalytic materials, and specific processes. Additionally, key suggestions for future research effort are given. 

Slinn, W. G. N. (1977). Precipitation scavenging some problems, approximate solutions and suggestions for future research. In Precipitation Scavenging 1974 (R. G. Semonin and R. W. Beadle, eds.), ERDA Symp. Ser. 41, pp. 1-60. Tech. Information Center Research and Development Energy Administration. 

This chapter reviews the use of P NMR spectroscopy for soil, water and other environmental samples. After a brief overview of the principles of NMR spectroscopy, the requirements for a successful NMR experiment are described. Finally, literature on P NMR spectroscopy in soils and environmental samples is reviewed, followed by suggestions for future research needs. 

Podsakoff, P. M., Mackenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26, 513-563. 

Finally, again drawing upon the reviewed papers, the following areas are suggested for future research ... 

Greer, C. R. and Lei, D. (2011), "Collaborative Innovation widi Customers A Review of the Literature and Suggestions for Future Research," International Journal of Management Reviews. 

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