Succinate salt

Hydrocortisone for intravenous administration is available as the sodium succinate salt. 

It is a broad spectrum antibiotic originally derived from Streptomyces venezuelae and later on became the first completely synthetic antibiotic. It is used as palmitate and sodium succinate salt in given dosage. 

There is no current commercial biologic process for the production of succinic acid. In past laboratory systems, when succinic acid has been produced by fermentation, lime is added to the fermentation medium to neutralize the acid, yielding calcium succinate (2). The calcium succinate salt then precipitates out of the solution. Subsequently, sulfuric acid is added to the salt to produce the free soluble succinic acid and solid calcium sulfate (gypsum). The acid is then purified with several washings over a sorbent to remove impurities. The disposal of the solid waste is both a directly economic and an environmental concern, as is the cost of the raw materials. Some key process-related problems have been identified as follows (1) the separation of dilute product streams and the related costs of recovery, (2) the elimination of the salt waste from the current purification process, and (3) the reduction of inhibition to the product succinic acid on the fermentation itself. Acetic acid is also a byproduct of the fermentation of glucose by Anaerobiospirillium succiniciproducens almost 1 mol of acetate will be produced for every 2 mol of succinate (3). Under certain cultivation conditions by a mutant Escherichia coli, lesser amounts of acetate can be produced (4,5). This byproduct will also need to be separated. 

Succinic acid was removed from medium on a packed column of sorbent. The resin XUS 40285 was tested in a packed column with simulated medium containing salts, succinic acid, acetic acid, and sugar. The packed column completely separated the fermentationbyproduct, acetate, from succinate. A simple hot water regeneration successfully concentrated succinate from 10 g/L (inlet) to 40-110 g/L in the effluent with a pH of about 5.0. The end pH indicates that succinate salt was sorbed from the "medium" and released in a partially acidic form by the hot water regeneration. If successful, this would lower separation costs by reducing the need for chemicals for the initial purification step. 

As shown in Table 4, the real promise of succinic acid lies in its derivatives. A DOE-funded collaboration among Oak Ridge National Laboratory Argonne National Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Applied CarboChemicals, Inc. investigated succinic acid derivatives such as tetra-hydrofuran, 1,4-butanediol, y-butyrolactone, and N-methyl pyrrolidone. More recently, Applied Carbochemicals has pursued succinate salts that can serve as de-icers and herbicide additives (40,41). 

Succinate salts Road de-icer 9,090,900 0.05 Depends on demand for less-corrosive road de-icers... 

Succinate salts Aviation de-icer 91,000 1.00-1.95 Could replace 100% of airport de-icers... 

Chemical Name 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl(5-hydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-3-pyridyl)methyl succinate salt with maleic acid (1 2)... 

G. J. Lowell, Determination of isomeric composition of amphetamine mixtures from melting points of monohydrogen succinate salts, J. Pharm. Sci., 61 1976 (1972). 

Use Medicine (antiinflammatory agent), also used as the acetate and sodium succinate salts. 

Loxapine, a dibenzoxazepine compound, represents a new subclass of tricyclic antipsychotic agents, chemically distinct from the thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, and phe-nothiazines. Chemically, it is a 2-chloro-ll-(4-methyl-l-piperazinyl)-dibenz[b,f](l,4)-oxazepine. It is present in capsules as the succinate salt, and in the concentrate and parenteral forms primarily as the hydrochloride salt. 

Dose As sodium succinate salt of hydrocortisone injection as 100 mg IM as hydrocortisone acetate intraarticular injection and as topical cream 1-2.5% for skin, ear, and eye (Wycort ). 

The plasma half-life of prednisolone following the oral administration of prednisone to normal subjects ranges form 2.5 to 3.5 h (126, 130, 131). Similar half-life values for prednisolone were observed after oral prednisolone is administered (126, 132, 133, 134). Nugent et al (135) found after an intravenous dose of 1 mg/kg body weight of prednisolone (sodium succinate salt) an average half-life of 3.5 h. After an intravenous dose of 0.3 mg/kg prednisolone as phosphate the mean plasma... 

Serotonin, which is an indole, occurs naturally in the body. In most cases of migraines, serotonin levels decrease. Many migraine medications are based on the indole stmcture. Sumatriptan (sold as the succinate salt by GlaxoSmithKline as IMITREX), rizatriptan (sold as the benzoate salt by Merck Co. Inc. as MAXALT), and eletiip-tan (sold as the hydrobromide salt by Pfizer Inc. as RELPAX) are all prescribed for migraines. 

Aminosalicyclic acid, bacitracin, blood plasma, blood serum, methicillin salts, culture media, dextran, enzymes, gamma-globulin, hormones, streptomycin, iron dextran, lysine, casein hydrolysate, penicillin, serum hydrolysate, penicillin, serum hydrolysate, tetracycline vitamins, oleandomycin, chloramphenicol succinate salts... 

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the integrated process for the production of chemicals from corn-derived glucose. Sodium succinate is shown for illustration purpose only. Different succinate salts will form depending on the bases used for pH control.

Moreover, succinic acid is also a platform chemical used as a precursor of many commodity or specialty chemicals, including adipic acid, 1,4-butanediol, tetrahydro-furan, N-methyl pyrroUdinone, 2-pyrrohdinone, succinic acid esters, succinate salts, and y-butyrolactone (Fig. 1) The derivatives of succinic acid are estimated have a maiket potential of 270,000 tons per year (Zeikus et al. 1999 Willke and Vorlop 2004). 

Norfloxacin Formation of low solubility salts with alkali metal ions Norfloxacin succinate salt with improved solubility... 

C(0)NH-dianion H-bond interaction increases the strength of binding significantly. In the NMR spectra NH signals of both free ligands 25b and 25c and their complexes can be separately observed at 10.50 ppm and 11.34 ppm for 25b, respectively, and at 7.97, 7.45 ppm and 8.05, 7.85 ppm for 25c, respectively. The previously described U02-salenes like 23a,b and 24 do not bind dianions as was concluded from the fact that no shifts in the NMR spectra have been observed after addition of malonate or succinate salts. 

Succinic acid can be used as a precursor for many industrial chemicals (1,4-butanediol, succinate salts), biodegradable polyester resins, additives in the food industry, smfactants, detergents, ion chelators, and also in the pharmaceutical industry (Song and Lee, 2006 Kurzrock and Weuster-Botz, 2010 Vlysidis et al., 2011). Succinic acid is sold at around US 5.9-9.0/ kg, depending on the purity, with an estimated market potential of more than 270,000t/year (Song and Lee, 2006). 

Sumatriptan can he found as the free base but is most commonly prepared as the succinate salt. Dosages depend on the route of administration. 

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