Cultivation conditions

Fig. 6 shows a fed batch fermentation of sweet sorghum juice (SSJ) by Bacillus aryabhattai in 3 L fermentor under cultivating condition with agitation rate at 200 rpm, air rate of 1.5 1/min, at 30° C and feeding time at 18 and 24 hr during log phase of the culture. It was found that the cell could continuously produce both biomass and PHAs. Maximum cells were obtained at about 14.20 g/1 at 54 hr when PHAs content reached 4.84 g/1 after 66 hr (Tanamool et al., 2011). In addition, in Table 2, fed batch fermentation by A, latus was used for the production of PHAs (Yamane et al, 1996 Wang Lee, 1997). It could yield high productivity with the use of cheap carbon sources. 

The expansion index [51,102,103], defined as the ratio of cell fresh weight to dry weight evaluated at the time of maximum fresh weight, is a more qualitative indicator of changes in cell/aggregate size, under various cultivation conditions. Wongsamuth and Doran [58] identified the filtration characteristics of suspensions of Atropa belladonna, specifically cake permeability, which is at least partially related to morphology, as a useful indicator of shear effects. 

Microorganism and cultivation conditions Rhizopus sp. 26R criltivated in 20 g solid substrates composed of wheat bran, rice bran and rice husk (6 12 2) in a plastic bags. Initial pH and moisture content were 5.7 and 58%, respectively. The fungus was incubated at 32°C for 6 days. 

Fig. 3. Isoelectric focusing in ultrathin polyacrylamide layers (pH gradient 3 -10) of multiple forms of polygalacturonase produced by Candida boidinii under different cultivation conditions a - pectin, pH 3.51 b - pectin, pH 5.49 c -pectin, pH 7.01 d - 20% of D-galactopyranuronic acid in pectin e - pectate. A - Activity detection with print technique on colouress D-galacturonan DP 10 dyed additionally with ruthenium red ( both exo- and polygalacturonases) and B - activity detection with Ostazin Brilliant Red/D-galacturonan DP 10 agar print (polygalacturonases).

Test plants are grown under controlled conditions similar to actual cultivation conditions. 

Nagamune, T., Endo, I., Kato, N., Nishimura, M., and Kobayashi, T., The Effect of Cultivation Conditions on the Penicillin Production Using a Urethane Foam-Supported Penicillium chrysogenum, Bioproc. Eng., 3 173 (1988)... 

Off-gas analysis is widely used in many industrial fermentation plants to determine the cellular activity of growing cultures by monitoring respiration. One can measure oxygen uptake and CO2 production rates and thus measure metabolic activity/9 In addition, off-gas analysis is also used for monitoring other volatiles, the synthesis of which are strongly dependent on cultivation conditions 10 and product formation. 11 Off-gas estimation and control therefore serves as an indirect method for process analysis and control. 

Plant Proteases. These include the well known proteases papain, bromelain and ficin. Most plant enzymes are available as comparatively unpurified powder extracts, although papain is notable for being available in a stabilized and purified liquid form. Prospects for increased supply of plant enzymes, in response to greater use in traditional applications or for new processes, depend on several factors. Tlie influence of cultivation conditions, growth cycle and climate requirements make new supplies long term projects. 

Figure 4. GPC profiles of P(SA-CHO)-4620[62] before and after the biodegradation by Trichoderaa sp. KM802. Cultivation conditions, same as those of Figure 3.

Gigliano, G. S. Cannabinols in Cannabis sativa L. under different cultivation conditions. Bull Chem Farm 1984 123(7) 352-356. 

In irradiated potatoes, especially in some varieties and as a function of cultivating conditions of the raw material, after-cooking darkening may occur. This discoloration is attributed to formation of ferric-phenolic complexes. This phenomenon depends on the iron content, and is related to increased polyphenol formation and reduced citric acid levels, which are influenced by agronomic and climatic factors. Various technological measures have been developed to prevent this after-cooking darkening [23]. 

The quality of natural products depends considerably on their geographic origin, even if they are isolated from the same plant species. This may be partly due to variations in cultivation conditions, such as soil structure and climate, but also results from the fact that different varieties of the same plant species are cultivated in different areas. Thus, more than 500 natural raw materials are available for the creation of perfumes and flavors. 

If the MPS system is introduced to a packing house, taste-oriented grading will become possible. If the quality data from the MPS system are correlated with data corresponding to cultivation conditions such as soil and weather, technical guidance for the production of high-quality products will also be realized. 

SERS spectroscopy in combination with biochips to detect the antibody signal of microbes [101]. Premasiri et al. established the first SERS classification of single bacteria for six different species under defined cultivation conditions [102]. 

Cultivation Conditions for Hydrogen Production by C. saccharolyticus Using Various Carbon Sources ... 

Sugar Consumption and Product Formation for Various Cultivation Conditions Using C. saccharolyticus ... 

There is no current commercial biologic process for the production of succinic acid. In past laboratory systems, when succinic acid has been produced by fermentation, lime is added to the fermentation medium to neutralize the acid, yielding calcium succinate (2). The calcium succinate salt then precipitates out of the solution. Subsequently, sulfuric acid is added to the salt to produce the free soluble succinic acid and solid calcium sulfate (gypsum). The acid is then purified with several washings over a sorbent to remove impurities. The disposal of the solid waste is both a directly economic and an environmental concern, as is the cost of the raw materials. Some key process-related problems have been identified as follows (1) the separation of dilute product streams and the related costs of recovery, (2) the elimination of the salt waste from the current purification process, and (3) the reduction of inhibition to the product succinic acid on the fermentation itself. Acetic acid is also a byproduct of the fermentation of glucose by Anaerobiospirillium succiniciproducens almost 1 mol of acetate will be produced for every 2 mol of succinate (3). Under certain cultivation conditions by a mutant Escherichia coli, lesser amounts of acetate can be produced (4,5). This byproduct will also need to be separated. 

The manufacturer must establish the maximum cultivation span for a particular cell in vitro (passage number). The characterization must include the growth rate, morphology, specific yield, and quality of the molecule of interest (Wiebe and May, 1990). The post-production cells (PPCs) must be removed from the bioreactor and tested at least once to evaluate whether new contaminants were introduced or induced by the cultivation conditions. Changes in the culture medium or production scale require new evaluation of the PPCs to determine any effects on the yield and product consistency (Levine and Castillo, 1999). 

For anthocyanin production by cell cultivation of Perilla frutescens in an agitated bioreactor, at an aeration rate of 0.1 wm using a sintered sparger, its accumulation was poor, showing almost the same result as that at 0.2 wm using a ring sparger, when the other cultivation conditions were maintained the same [23]. However, when the aeration rate was increased to 0.2 wm with the sinter-... 

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