Calcium succinate

Limpricht,1 in 1873, prepared furan by heating barium 2-furancarboxylate with soda lime. It has since been prepared by the dry distillation of barium 2-furancarboxylate 2 in small amounts by distillation of calcium succinate 3 by the destructive distillation of resinous pine wood 4 by heating succinaldehyde with water at 1800 0 and by heating 2-furancarboxylic acid in a sealed tube.2... 

Silver nitrate Iron (III) chloride Barium chloride Calcium chloride Succinates, C4H4042 White precipitate of silver succinate soluble in dilute ammonia solution Light brown precipitate of iron (III) succinate White precipitate of barium succinate Precipitate of calcium succinate appears slowly... 

There is no current commercial biologic process for the production of succinic acid. In past laboratory systems, when succinic acid has been produced by fermentation, lime is added to the fermentation medium to neutralize the acid, yielding calcium succinate (2). The calcium succinate salt then precipitates out of the solution. Subsequently, sulfuric acid is added to the salt to produce the free soluble succinic acid and solid calcium sulfate (gypsum). The acid is then purified with several washings over a sorbent to remove impurities. The disposal of the solid waste is both a directly economic and an environmental concern, as is the cost of the raw materials. Some key process-related problems have been identified as follows (1) the separation of dilute product streams and the related costs of recovery, (2) the elimination of the salt waste from the current purification process, and (3) the reduction of inhibition to the product succinic acid on the fermentation itself. Acetic acid is also a byproduct of the fermentation of glucose by Anaerobiospirillium succiniciproducens almost 1 mol of acetate will be produced for every 2 mol of succinate (3). Under certain cultivation conditions by a mutant Escherichia coli, lesser amounts of acetate can be produced (4,5). This byproduct will also need to be separated. 

Calcium chloride solution a precipitate of calcium succinate is very slowly produced from concentrated neutral solutions. 

Calcium Succinate. Butanedioic acid calcium salt ... 

EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2009. Scientific opinion of the panel on food additives and nutrient sources added to food on calcium acetate, calcium pyruvate, calcium succinate, magnesium pyruvate magnesium succinate and potassium malate added for nutritional purposes to food supplements. EFSA J. 1088 1-25. 

The traditional method for recovering SA from the fermentation broth involves precipitation of calcium succinate by the addition of Ca(OH)2, which is used as a neutralizing agent during fermentation (Figure 17.16) [96]. The precipitated calcium succinate can be recovered by filtration and further converted to free SA by the addition of concentrated H2SO4. SA is further purified using adsorption by... 

Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens is a strict anaerobe and grows at an optimal temperature of 39 °C. A typical fermentation medium contains dextrose, peptone, yeast extract, and salts. The optimal pH range for this organism was determined to be between 5.8 and 6.4. This organism can produce approximately 30 g of succinate/1 fi-om a starting glucose concentration of 50 g/1. Calcium hydroxide is added to produce a calcium succinate product, which can be precipitated fi-om the broth (Datta 1992). 

As mentioned previously, sucdnic add can be precipitated fi-om fermentation broth with calcium hydroxide. A calcium succinate cake can be recovered from the fermentation broth. Acidification of this cake with sulfuric acid yields succinic acid and calcium sulfate solids (gypsum). After this stage, the succinic acid contains many impurities and can be further purified by ion exchange on a strongly acidic cation exchange resin that removes calcium and other cations. Use of a weakly basic anion exchange resin in the next step will remove sulfate and other anionic impurities (Datta et al. 1992). One drawback of the calcium precipitation process is that it produces gypsum as a by-product. 

---