Benzoate salt

In the Cannizaiio reaction, benzaldehyde is both oxidized and reduced to form benzoic acid (as the benzoate salt) and benzyl alcohol. 

Benzoic acid is suppHed to this market in the form of salts because the benzoate salts have a high solubiUty in water and aqueous stock solutions of up to 35% can easily be prepared. In addition, it is easier, and therefore cheaper, to purify sodium and potassium benzoate than to produce the USP/FCC grade of benzoic acid. 

Sodium and potassium benzoate are substances that may be added direcdy to human food and are affirmed as GRAS (33—35). Benzoic acid and sodium and potassium benzoate are now used as preservatives in such foods as sauces, pickles, cider, fmit juices, wine coolers, symps and concentrates, mincemeat and other acidic pie fillings, margarine, egg powder, fish (as a brine dip component), bottled carbonated beverages, and fmit preserves, jams, and jellies. The popularity of diet soft drinks has led to increased demand for both benzoate salts. 

The effectiveness of zinc is related to its associated anion (Table 7) the chloride, acetate, or benzoate salts were the most effective. The maximum effectiveness of the metal would be expected if the exchange reaction with the pigment surface was... 

There appears to be no physical (e.g., crystal habit or morphology) or chemical (e.g., surface groups) correlation to identify which nucleating agent works best with which polymer matrix. However, it is known that dibenzylidene sorbitol works best with PP (it is sometimes called a clarifier because it enhances transparency), and inorganic benzoate salts are successful with PET. 

The molecular natures of salts crystallized from salbutamol base have been assessed by FT-Raman spectroscopy [66]. Variations in vibrational frequencies due to electron-withdrawing or -donating substituents were clearly evident the CCO stretching vibration shifted from 776 cm-1 in the free base to 756 cm-1 in the benzoate salt. The C=C stretching frequency also shifted from 1610 cm-1 to 1603 cm-1 with the benzoate ion but showed an increase to 1616 cm-1 with sulfate ion. Clearly, the choice of salt affects the molecular nature of the drug, with obvious implications for its physicochemical properties. 

The increase in solubility of benzoic acid in concentrated aqueous solutions of alkali metal benzoate (salting-in) has been explained by a mechanism including homoconjugation. Generally, homoconjugation increases the solubility of sparingly soluble salts. If HA is... 

Food preservatives -benzoate salts m [BENZOIC ACID] (Vol 4) -p-hydroxybenzoic acid m [SALICYLIC ACID AND RELATED COMPOUNDS] (Vol 21)... 

Lignocaine benzyl benzoate)] (aromatic quaternary amine benzoate salt) to prevent accidental ingestion bitterest substances known)... 

Dissolve the mixture in an organic solvent, and extract with a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide or sodium bicarbonate, which will neutralize benzoic acid. Naphthalene will remain in the organic layer, and all the benzoic acid, now converted to the benzoate salt, will be in the aqueous layer. To recover benzoic acid, remove the aqueous layer, acidify it with dilute mineral acid, and extract with an organic solvent. 

Emamectin benzoate is a semisynthetic avermectin that is derived from fermentation of avermectin B. It contains a mixture of 4" epimethylamino-4"-deoxy-avermectin B,a and Bjb benzoate salts. Emamectin benzoate is a stomach poison insecticide active against lepi-dopterous pests in vegetables, cotton, maize, peanuts, soybeans, and strawberries. Its oral LD50 in rats is 1516 mg/kg. 

Lead(IV) salts will a-oxygenate enol ethers as they do enols vide supra), although in this case the process involves bisoxygenation of the unsaturated Ullage and subsequent hydrolysis. For example, the combination of lead tetrabenzoate and triethylammonium fluoride at 0-25 C effects efficient a-benzoyl-oxylation, e.g. (68) to (69). 0, y-Unsaturated ketones are also successfully oxidized, e.g. (70) to (71). The correspon ng LTA a-acetoxylations are possible, but the benzoate salt remains the transition metal reagent of choice for these substrates.These reactions appear to be uniformly efficient and perluq)S deserve wider synthetic tq>plication. 

Alkali Benzoate/Carbonate Vaporization. Part of the alkali content in coal is organically bound and the benzoate salts,... 

In a companion study of the benzylamine-benzoic acid system, benzoic acid was foimd to form a 1 1 cocrystal with the benzylammonium benzoate salt [28]. As shown in Fig. 10.2, the phenomenon of salt formation led to strong perturbations in the vibrational modes associated with... 

FIGURE 10.2 Expanded infrared absorption spectra in the carboxylate region obtained for benzoic acid (long-dashed trace), the stoichiometric 1 1 benzylammonium benzoate salt (short-dashed), and the 1 1 cocrystal formed between benzoic acid and benzyl-ammonium benzoate (solid trace) [28]. 

Purification the free base can be distilled. The HCl salt can be recrystallized from water, which removes diastereomeric impurities. The benzoate salt can be recrystallized from isopropanol. 

At pH 7.6, the imprinted polymer accelerated the rate of hydrolysis of ester 18 by more than 100-fold compared to the reaction in solution at the same pH (see equation (c) and Table 4.9). Addition of an equivalent amount of monomeric amidine to the solution only slightly increased the rate. A control polymer prepared from the amidinium-benzoate salt gave a somewhat stronger rate enhancement. 

C11H15N03 (R)-2-aminobut-3-en-1-ol, benzoate salt 25.00 1.1220 2 22541 C11H17N303S 4-amino-N-[(butylamino)carbonyl]benzenesulfo 339-43-5 25.00 1.2358 2... 

Ingested sodium benzoate is conjugated with glycine in the liver to yield hippuric acid, which is excreted in the urine. Symptoms of systemic benzoate toxicity resemble those of salicylates. Whereas oral administration of the free-acid form may cause severe gastric irritation, benzoate salts are well tolerated in large quantities e.g. 6 g of sodium benzoate in 200 mL of water is administered orally as a liver function test. 

A conventional peroxide initiator such as BPO (I-42) does not work in a manner similar to that of azo initiators in the homogeneous system for styrene with CuBr2 and L-4.185 In this polymerization, the Cu(I) species is generated via reduction of Cu(II) species by a styryl radical and further acts as an accelerator in the decomposition of BPO. It then reacts with the remaining BPO to form the benzoyloxy radical and inactive copper(II) benzoate salts again. Thus, no polymerization occurs. However, the use of a heterogeneous system and low-temperature initiation at 70 °C followed by the polymerization at 110 °C in fact induces styrene polymerization. The polymers had... 

In addition to true ion exchange, other interactions can take place between the sample solutes and the resin. Adsorption is one of the commonest of these interactions. For example, the benzoate anion appears to be adsorbed somewhat by the poly-styrene-divinylbenzene polymeric matrix of organic ion exchangers. This may be due to an attraction of the k electrons of the aromatic polymer for the benzoate. Benzoic acid, which exists mostly in the molecular form, is absorbed to a much greater degree than benzoate salts. 

The benzoate salt is one of the two most useful carboxylic acid salts for eluents. The other is phthalate. Benzoate salts are useful for separation of acetate, bicarbonate, fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, and other early-eluting anions. Divalent anion and other late-eluting anions such as thiocyanate and perchlorate are not eluted effectively by benzoate. The concentration of a benzoate eluent that should be used depends on the type and capacity of anion-exchange resin used, but is typically 0.5 to... 

All of these experimental observations are consistent with a mechanism involving phenylallyl carbonium ion as an intermediate. The stereospecificity of the uncatalyzed reaction suggests a tight ion-pair intermediate which collapses to products more rapidly than it dissociates and also more rapidly than the carboxylate ion rotates relative to the carbonium ion. Exchange of benzoate ions between the ion pair and dissolved benzoate salt prior to collapse of the ion pair to a mixture of allylic esters would account for the observed isotopic exchange. 

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