Substrates 1-sheets

Such sheets are made in thicknesses ranging from 0.6 to 30.0 mm. Normally, products of a thin-veneer type range from 0.6 to 1.5 mm in thickness and have a decorative surface on one face only, the reverse being sanded to facilitate bonding to a substrate. Sheets from 2.0 to 30.0 mm are known as Compact laminates between 2.0 and 5.00 mm they are available either with one or both faces decorative and can be used, provided they are supported adequately, without being bonded to a substrate. Laminates thicker than 5.0 mm invariably are double-faced and are self-supporting. 

The image of scanned surface of corrosion test specimens as well as calculated corrosion area and corrosion width can be used to see the influence of the interface on the corrosion resistance of the overall system. Methods of pretreatment of substrate sheet, plasma conditions, and the sample identification codes are shown in Table 28.1. 

Nonpermeable substrate sheet (a pol prop lene or pol eth lene film)... 

A nonwater-permeable substrate sheet in which a powdery inorganic antibacterial agent is mixed is laminated onto the water-absorption sheet. Because this sheet does not require a protective layer or side treatment, it can be cut freely. Hence, it can be used almost as a plastic wrapping material [2]. 

The wraparound tape is made of a substrate sheet, such as a plastic film or nonwoven cloth, on which a superabsorbent polymer is coated. The superabsorbent polymer powder is mixed with an adhesive material, such as an organic polymer binder or a water-soluble resin, and coated onto the sheet. The sheet is then dried, fixed, and cut into strips. When the tape is in contact with water, the superabsorbent polymer particles absorb the water, swell, and become large hydrogel particles to prevent water penetration. 

As the substrate sheet, a thin plastic film or tightly packed nonwoven cloth, such as polyester spanbond nonwoven cloth of approximately 0.15 mm, is used. A synthetic rubber, such as styrene-butadiene rubber or thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer, is used as a binder. In addition, a surfactant for hydrophilicity, an antioxidant for prevention of thermodeformation, and a silica-type inorganic filler for prevention of tackiness are used. For the superabsorbent polymer particles, various synthetic polymers, for example, polyacrylate and polyvinyl-type superabsorbent polymers, can be used. For this apphcation, the particle sizes are an important parameter, because they polymer is required to be within the coating layer, and as the absorption rate is no retarded, quickly protrude from the layer when swelling. 

One of the most rapidly expanding areas of PVC technology is that of rigid foam products, leading to foam core pipe, siding substrate, sheet, profile, and wood composites (plastic lumber). Comparisons between formulations for solid and foamed products are illustrative °... 

Epoxy resins are also used in special appHcations, such as an overlaying procedure requiring a durable, heat-resistant bond of a difficult-to-bond overlay on a wood-base panel substrate. Metal sheets used as overlays, for example, often require an epoxy adhesive. 

Packaging (qv) represents the largest market area for film and sheeting materials (15). It is a complex market with so many categories that it is difficult to get an accurate measure of end usage for specific materials (16). The stmcture of the marketplace which uses both monolayers of film, as well as converted composite stmctures and laminates, adds to the complexity. The ultimate user or packager may purchase raw film direcdy from a manufacturer, or use the same film laminated to one or more other films or substrates through a converter. The converter may buy film or extmde his own supply. Resin sales to film producers do not always correlate with their film sales, because of scrap and yield losses. 

Technological History (26,54—61). As a first approach, there are three groups of components supports, paint media, and pigments. The support is the substrate upon which the paint layers are laid down. This can be a specially prepared area on a wall for a wall painting, a wooden panel as in a panel painting, or a fabric in canvas paintings. Paper is a prevalent support in Oriental painting. Other supports are encountered less frequently, eg, metal panels such as copper sheet. 

Metal powder—glass powder—binder mixtures are used to apply conductive (or resistive) coatings to ceramics or metals, especially for printed circuits and electronics parts on ceramic substrates, such as multichip modules. Multiple layers of aluminum nitride [24304-00-5] AIN, or aluminay ceramic are fused with copper sheet and other metals in powdered form. The mixtures are appHed as a paste, paint, or slurry, then fired to fuse the metal and glass to the surface while burning off the binder. Copper, palladium, gold, silver, and many alloys are commonly used. 

Stitchbonded fabrics ate used in home furnishings, footwear, filtration, packaging, and coating. Machine widths ate in the 2-m range fabric weights range from about 75—250 g/m. A variation of stitchbonding is used to make multiaxial-layeted yam and yam-and-sheet stmctures for composite material reinforcement substrates. 

StiU another method used to produce PV cells is provided by thin-fiLm technologies. Thin films ate made by depositing semiconductor materials on a sohd substrate such as glass or metal sheet. Among the wide variety of thin-fiLm materials under development ate amorphous siUcon, polycrystaUine sUicon, copper indium diselenide, and cadmium teUuride. Additionally, development of multijunction thin-film PV cells is being explored. These cells use multiple layers of thin-film sUicon alloys or other semiconductors tailored to respond to specific portions of the light spectmm. 

Ba.lla.sted. A ballasted roof assembly consists of a membrane or membrane and substrate material (insulation, sHp sheet, etc) loosely laid over a deck with the assembly held in place using ballast. A minimum ballast weight of 48.9 kg/m or 10 pounds per square foot (PSF) is used. The ballast can consist of smooth rounded stone, cmshed stone (a separator sheet must be used between the cmshed stone and the membrane), or pavers (both standard and lightweight). Both stone and pavers come in a wide variety of colors. The membrane is affixed to the building only at the deck perimeter (roof edge) and at various penetrations. Wall and penetration flashings are typically fuUy adhered and sealed to prevent water entry into the roof assembly. The maximum slope a ballasted system should be installed over is 16.7 cm/m. 

There are also mechanically fastened systems where large sheets are laid over the substrate and seamed together. The mechanical fastening system to hold the membrane to the deck is placed at the appropriate density either over the membrane to fasten the system to the deck or under the membrane to which it is affixed. 

Fleece-Back Sheet. A fleece-back sheet is a nonreinforced polymeric membrane that has had a nonwoven mat made of polyester, weighing 101.7—203.4 g/m, laminated to the back of the sheet. The prime use of the fleece-back sheet is in the fully adhered roofing systems. The fleece provides the chemical separator, which eliminates the need for an adhesive that is compatible with the specific membrane or a compatible substrate. 

Electrodes. AH of the finished silver electrodes have certain common characteristics the grids or substrates used in the electrodes are exclusively made of silver, although in some particular cases silver-plated copper is used. Material can be in the form of expanded silver sheet, silver wire mesh, or perforated silver sheet. In any case, the intent is to provide electronic contact of the external circuit of the battery or cell and the active material of the positive plate. Silver is necessary to avoid any possible oxidation at this junction and the increased resistance that would result. 

BeryUium is used in sateUite stmctures in the form of both sheet and extmded tubing and is a very important material for aU types of space optics. BeryUium oxide ceramic apphcations take advantage of high room temperature thermal conductivity, very low electrical conductivity, and high transparency to microwaves in microelectronic substrate apphcations. 

Typical apphcation of a BUR would be to mop or apply asphalt to a substrate to approximately 1.1 kg/m (23 lbs/100 ft ), or the thickness of a dime. A ply sheet would then be unroUed into the hot asphalt. Additional ply are then mopped in, with each layer offset so that the roof has three or four phes of felt over the entire roof. The amount of offset is calculated by the formula, offset = 34 in. (86.4 cm) /number of pHes. Manufacturers of pHes print laying lines on the felts at the correct locations to assist in laying up the roof with the correct offset. 

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