Substance abuse marijuana

J Consult Clin Psychol 61 1100—1104, 1993 Stephens RS, Roffman RA, Simpson EE Treating adult marijuana dependence a test of the relapse prevention model. J Consult Clin Psychol 62 92—99, 1994 Stephens RS, Roffman RA, Curtin L Comparison of extended versus brief treatments for marijuana use. J Counsul Clin Psychol 68 898—908, 2000 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration The BASIS Report Marijuana Treatment Admissions Increase 1993-1999. Rockville, MB, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2002a Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Results from the 2001 National Household Survey on Brug Abuse Vol I. Summary of National Findings. Rockville, MB, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2002b... 

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration The BASIS Report Marijuana Use Secondary to Other Substances of Abuse. Rockville, MB, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2003 Tanda G, Munzar P, Goldberg SR Self-administration behaviour is maintained by the psychoactive ingredient of marijuana in squirrel monkeys. Nat Neurosci 3 1073— 1074, 2000... 

Outpatient group members were very similar to the inpatient PCP abusers in most sociodemographic and drug-use characteristics. Their mean age was 29 years, educational level 12.6 years, and number of prior arrests 1.5. The majority of outpatients were black (83 percent), unmarried (67 percent), and unemployed (67 percent). Their mean duration of PCP use was almost 8 years, with, usually, no prior or recent substance abuse treatment. Thirty-seven percent used PCP at least daily, always by smoking. Like the inpatient PCP abusers, outpatients frequently (87 percent) reported abuse of other drugs alcohol (46 percent), marijuana (46 percent), and cocaine (37 percent). Several outpatients for whom cocaine was the preferred drug of abuse used PCP as a "cheaper high" when cocaine was not affordable. 

The association of substance abuse with emergency department (ED) visits in 21 different metropolitan areas in the United States is reported by the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN). This survey tracks ED visits that are due to a condition induced by or related to drug use. Included in the data are ED visits associated with alcohol, alone and in combination with other substances of abuse, including cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and major stimulants. Figure 33-2 indicates the number of ED visits that are associated with illicit... 

Miller NS and Gold MS (1989). The diagnosis of marijuana (cannabis) dependence. Journal of Substance Abuse and Treatment, 6, 183-192. 

Epidemiological research suggests that probably 10 to 20% of the population of the United States may have problems related to substance use, with approximately 5 % of the population having problems with drugs other than alcohol (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA], 2003). The most widely abused substances in the United States are alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana, but the typical pattern is for a person to abuse more than one substance at a time. An example might be that a person may smoke both cigarettes and marijuana, or may use both cocaine and heroin. 

In addition, societal expectations about substance use seem to be related to the susceptibility of societal members to experience drug-related problems. Many respected researchers believe that exposure to responsible substance use in society early in life may promote more moderate substance use in those societies where such behavior is sanctioned. One striking example is the Netherlands, which legalized marijuana use in coffee shops two decades ago but currently has lower marijuana abuse rates than the United States. We have no idea whether this kind of societal exposure would work with more potent substances than marijuana, although the same results have been found for alcohol in France, which has a much lower cirrhosis rate than the United States even... 

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2003). Resutts from the 2002 Nationai Survey on Drug Use and Heaith Detaiied Tabies. Table 1.1B. (Office of Applied Studies, Department of Health and Human Services). Rockville, MD. http //www.samhsa.gov/oas/nhsda/ 2k2nsduh/Sect1 peTabs1to18.pdf , The number of Americans who have used marijuana in the last year (25,755,000) is greater than the entire population of Texas (20,851,820). (Ibid. And United States Census Bureau Report for 2000. Summary File 4. http //www.census.gov/)... 

While stimulants are potentially abusable, recent evidence suggests that stimulant treatment substantially reduces the risk for substance abuse generated by ADHD cognitive and behavioral impairments (Bieder-man et al., 1999b). Moreover, another study has shown that the most commonly abused substance in ADHD adolescents and adults is marijuana and not stimulants (Biederman et ah, 1995b). Appropriate education and monitoring are crucial to the safe prescription of psychostimulants in adolescents and adults. 

National Research Council. Committee on Substance Abuse and Habitual Behavior. An Analysis of Marijuana Policy. Washington, D.C. National Academy Press. 1982. 41 p. 

Each year, the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, collects statistical data on five drug groups, including marijuana/hashish, psychotherapeutic drugs, cocaine/crack, hallucinogens, and inhalants. The med-... 

Marijuana users will find that many employers weed out substance abusers, because they are much more likely to be absent or have on-the-job accidents. In 1996, about a third of all potential hires were screened for drug use. At major corporations, the figure was 81%, and in the top-ranked Fortune 200 companies, it rose to 98%. Standards at many federal agencies are even more stringent The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) will disqualify applicants who had used marijuana within the past three years or a total of 15 times altogether. 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Center for Substance Abuse Prevention. Know the Facts Marijuana and the Brain. . (April 7, 2002). 

Drug treatment programs across the United States that specialize in treating substance abusers under 18 years old were surveyed about their current population of patients. The survey found their clients use a variety of drugs, although alcohol, marijuana, and hallucinogens... 

The NHSDA is directed by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Since 1971, it has provided annual estimates of the prevalence (patterns of use) of illicit drug, alcohol, and tobacco use in the United States, monitoring trends since that time. Results from this survey are based on a representative sample of the U.S. population 12 years and older. Marijuana-specific data are presented as a subcategory of illicit drugs. ... 

It is difficult to obtain marijuana-specific data from DAWN information, since up to four different substances can be recorded for each ED episode. And because a drug-related visit to an ED can have multiple drug mentions, not every reported substance may be, by itself, the cause of the medical emergency. Until DAWN data can provide more marijuana-specific information, many feel that policymakers cannot draw definitive conclusions about the consequences of marijuana use from these reports. DAWN researchers acknowledge this limitation of their data. DAWN, like NHSDA, is directed by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 

Drug and Alcohol Services Information System (DASIS). The DASIS Report Treatment Referral Sources for Adolescent Marijuana Users. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies, 2002. 

While many things about marijuana remain controversial, even the most liberal supporters consider its use by adolescents harmful. It is possible that the increased popularity of marijuana is cyclical, and that this drug will become less popular as new information about its effects on the body is discovered. More is known about marijuana today than was known when many parents smoked it as teens. Some of the most important effects are noted by Joseph Califano, president of the National Center of Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University Marijuana can savage short-term memory and adversely affect motor skills. It inhibits social and emotional development at the time when such skills and development are most critical for teens. There are very real dangers attached to marijuana s frequent use. 

National Inhalant Prevention Coalition www.inhalants.org National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) www.nida.nih.gov National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws www.norml.org Slang Terms from Drug-Free Resource Net www.drugfreeamerica.org/slang.html Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration www.samhsa.gov... 

In addition to narcotics and marijuana, the nonmedical use of anabolic steroids became increasingly popular during the 1980s. This was particularly true for athletes seeking to increase skeletal muscle mass and performance, as discussed previously. The Omnibus Anti-Substance Abuse Act of 1988 made the unlawful distribution of anabolic steroids across state lines a felony under federal law, punishable by 1 to 3 years in prison and a fine of up to 250,000. State laws governing the possession and distribution of anabolic drugs vary, but a conviction in most states carries a stiff fine and imprisonment. 

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