Subject reporter-based

The Thermodynamics Research Center staff have assigned an uncertainty value to each observed and recommended density value listed in the tables. The tme value of the property has a 95% probability of being in the range covered by + or - the uncertainty about the reported value. Assignment of uncertainty is a subjective evaluation based upon what is known about the measurement when the value is entered into the database, and includes the effects of all sources of experimental error. The errors have been propagated to the listed density at the reported temperature. Uncertainties reported by the investigators are considered but not necessarily adopted. Often, investigators report repeatability, but they usually do not provide uncertainty. 

If the alkenes and acetylenes that are subjected to the reaction mediated by 1 have a leaving group at an appropriate position, as already described in Eq. 9.16, the resulting titanacycles undergo an elimination (path A) as shown in Eq. 9.58 [36], As the resulting vinyltitaniums can be trapped by electrophiles such as aldehydes, this reaction can be viewed as an alternative to stoichiometric metallo-ene reactions via allylic lithium, magnesium, or zinc complexes (path B). Preparations of optically active N-heterocycles [103], which enabled the synthesis of (—)-a-kainic acid (Eq. 9.59) [104,105], of cross-conjugated trienes useful for the diene-transmissive Diels—Alder reaction [106], and of exocyclic bis(allene)s and cyclobutene derivatives [107] have all been reported based on this method. 

Evaluation of data on subjective reports on reasons for smoking indicates that women smoke for stress reduction and men for stimulation (Best and Hakstian 1978 Frith 1971 Spielberger 1986 Ikard and Tomkins 1973), implying that there may be gender differences regarding the motivation for smoking. However, the validity of self-reports is questionable and empirical evidence based on physiological measures does not support these observations. 

S,S)-(+)-pseudoephedrine propionamide as chiral auxiliary. The obtained p-amino esters were subjected to a reported base-promoted cyclization [182, 183] affording the p-lactams in good yields and as unique detectable stereoisomer (Scheme 82). 

In addition to modifying the structures of successful antidepressants, it would be useful to investigate novel therapeutic approaches using nonhuman models. However, how does one study depression and actions of antidepressants in laboratory animals Depression is based on human emotions and subjective reports of mood states. Can this be modeled in animals ... 

Iwli et al [97] have reports based on the evaluation of plant-extract of D. multiradiata for antileishmanial activity using a mechanism-based radiorespirometric micro-technique. Extracts were found to be active at concentrations of 50 pg/ml or less against a visceral leishmania isolate. A number of Dorstenia species used traditionally as anti-snake venom were subjected to a pharmacological screening process and were found to possess analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities [98]. Many of the flavonoids isolated from African Dorstenia show moderate to good antioxidant activities [Croft, unpublished results]. The cytotoxic properties of... 

Alles made an extensive report based almost solely on his first MDA trip, justifying its relevance as a "double-conscious study. He didn t believe that a large population of users had to be observed to achieve valid results. Norman Zinberg claimed that he made an end-run around this problem as well, after he studied MDA s effects upon experienced trippers (two to fifteen sessions for each of his subjects). All had used marijuana and all drank— "but expressed the classic preference of marijuana users for beer or wine only one moderate, the rest light imbibers. Zinberg s MDA observations, which appeared in the January-March 1976 issue of the Journal of Psychedelic Drugs, present perhaps the finest description yet of the subtle states induced by the archetype of the MDA cluster. 

Tire Anderson and Molhave (1983) study identified an apparent effect level (0.2 ppm), based on subjective reports of irritation that is lower than the effect levels (0.35-0.4 ppm) in the studies by Pazdrak et al. (1993), Krakowiak et al. (1998), and Bender et al. (1993), which used more objective measures of acute irritation (eosinophil counts and protein concentrations in nasal lavage fluid or time to first reporting of irritation see section 2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects - Respiratory Effects Acute Controlled Exposure Human Studies.) Because of the use of objective measures of toxicity and the general weight of the available data indicating that some people will not experience eye or upper respiratoiy tract irritation from formaldehyde even at 1 ppm (see Day et al. 1984 Kulle et al. 1987, Weber Tschopp et al. 1977, and Witek et al. 1986), the Pazdrak et al. (1993) LOAEL of 0.4 ppm was considered a minimal LOAEL in a group of potentially sensitive individuals (some subjects had dennal hypersensitivity to fonnaldehyde) and selected as the basis of the acute MRL. 

Gastrointestinal Effects. The only information regarding gastrointestinal effects in humans after exposure to 2-butoxyethanol or 2-butoxyethanol acetate is the subjective report of occasional belching (eructation) of a male volunteer exposed to 113 ppm for 4 hours and emesis in a female volunteer exposed to 98 ppm 2-butoxyethanol for 8 hours (Carpenter et al. 1956). The subject who experienced emesis, however, believed that the emesis was due to the relatively high chamber temperature based on her personal historical experience that high temperature often caused emesis. However, emesis was observed in a dog exposed intermittently to 617 ppm 2-butoxyethanol for 2 days, a dog exposed to 385 ppm 2-butoxyethanol for 8 days, and a monkey exposed to 210 ppm for 30 days (Carpenter et al. 1956). 

The Belmont Report (1979) contains the ethical principles on which the federal regulations for protection of human subjects are based. The three basic principles are respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. Respect is reflected by the consent process. As a result the term autonomy is used in the research and healthcare context. A patient is normally regarded as autonomous if he or she can make his or her own judgments and decisions. In the absence of such ability, for example, as in the case of children, prisoners, and those with mental disorders, the person must be protected. In the Belmont Report and Beneficence, beneficence is the process of minimizing harm (risk) and maximizing possible benefits (usually for the community as a whole). Justice is the term used for the criterion that subjects must be fairly drawn from a variety of ethnic, social, and other groups. 

The analysis of the food questionnaire did not reveal a statistically significant influence of a single nutritional determinant (milk, meat, fish and cereal products) on the UI. According to our experience, the discriminatory power of a questionnaire is low. For example, 89% of all 805 subjects reported the use of iodinated salt at home (>3 times per week) and consumption of fish (>1 times per week) was reported by 98% of the participants. This is very unlikely, based on previous investigations in Germany (Merges etaL, 1996). 

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