Subject shapes

Although in the process of quick recognition of major trends and dominant common features, a somewhat imprecise shape perception based on intuitive, subjective shape concepts are useful, the needs for clearly defined shape measures and for precise and accurately shape evaluation are evident if details of shape are important and if it is not well understood which shape characteristics are potentially responsible for a given molecular property (Mezey 1993). 

With provision for projected high magnification, the beam-line area is relatively extensive and can accommodate a range of ancillary equipment. This attribute makes the laboratory microtomography facility a very versatile instrument. It can operate in a variety of modes and support scanning strategies that arc tailored to particular subject shapes, sizes, and material content. With large-area... 

The work of Karst et al/ employed computational fluid dynanucs (CFD) to model (fye liquor flow during beam dyeing and package dyeing and to determine how certain parameters affect liquor flow throrrgh the packages. The CFD approach makes it possible to accorrtmodate some complicated subject shapes, three-dimensiorral artalysis arrd variable parameters. 

Micellar structure has been a subject of much discussion [104]. Early proposals for spherical [159] and lamellar [160] micelles may both have merit. A schematic of a spherical micelle and a unilamellar vesicle is shown in Fig. Xni-11. In addition to the most common spherical micelles, scattering and microscopy experiments have shown the existence of rodlike [161, 162], disklike [163], threadlike [132] and even quadmple-helix [164] structures. Lattice models (see Fig. XIII-12) by Leermakers and Scheutjens have confirmed and characterized the properties of spherical and membrane like micelles [165]. Similar analyses exist for micelles formed by diblock copolymers in a selective solvent [166]. Other shapes proposed include ellipsoidal [167] and a sphere-to-cylinder transition [168]. Fluorescence depolarization and NMR studies both point to a rather fluid micellar core consistent with the disorder implied by Fig. Xm-12. 

Shapes of the ground- and first tln-ee excited-state wavefiinctions are shown in figure AT 1.1 for a particle in one dimension subject to the potential V = which corresponds to the case where the force acting on the... 

Spectral lines are fiirther broadened by collisions. To a first approximation, collisions can be drought of as just reducing the lifetime of the excited state. For example, collisions of molecules will connnonly change the rotational state. That will reduce the lifetime of a given state. Even if die state is not changed, the collision will cause a phase shift in the light wave being absorbed or emitted and that will have a similar effect. The line shapes of collisionally broadened lines are similar to the natural line shape of equation (B1.1.20) with a lifetime related to the mean time between collisions. The details will depend on the nature of the intemrolecular forces. We will not pursue the subject fiirther here. 

Soft-wheat flours are sold for general family use, as biscuit or cake flours, and for the commercial production of crackers, pretzels, cakes, cookies, and pastry. The protein in soft wheat flour mns from 7 to 10%. There are differences in appearance, texture, and absorption capacity between hard- and soft-wheat flour subjected to the same milling procedures. Hard-wheat flour falls into separate particles if shaken in the hand whereas, soft-wheat flour tends to clump and hold its shape if pressed together. Hard-wheat flour feels slightly coarse and granular when mbbed between the fingers soft-wheat flour feels soft and smooth. Hard-wheat flour absorbs more Hquid than does soft-wheat flour. Consequently, many recipes recommend a variable measure of either flour or Hquid to achieve a desired consistency. 

The criteria for insensitive explosives subjected to ha2ard tests permit no reaction more violent than burning in slow and fast cook-off tests and fragment and bullet tests, no propagation in sympathetic detonation tests, no detonation when stmck by a shaped charge jet, no sustained burning when hit by a small fragment, and such special tests as may be required by the use of the explosive. 

Metal contained in the channel is subjected to forces that result from the interaction between the electromagnetic field and the electric current in the channel. These inward forces produce a circulation that is generally perpendicular to the length of the channel. It has been found that shaping the channels of a twin coil inductor shown in Figure 10 produces a longitudinal flow within the channel and significantly reduces the temperature difference between the channel and the hearth (12). 

The combustor is assembled of flanged, spool-shaped water-cooled metal components, each with its own water-cooling circuit and pressure shell. No ceramic linings are used. Gas pressure is contained by stainless steel outer shells and the internal surfaces subject to high heat fluxes are lined with low alloy water-cooled panels. 

Perhaps the most notable aspect of the history of the API operation is that it has been shaped at every step by those who use the system. Created by information speciaHsts within the petroleum iadustry, it has beea governed by a technical information committee made up of company representatives, and guided by a series of iadustry task forces, which have modified as aeeded the indexing thesaums, subject selectioa guideliaes, and selection rules for countries ia pateat coverage, journals, and other sources ia the aoapateatHterature. 

Olfactory receptors have been a subject of great interest (9). Much that has been postulated was done by analogy to the sense of sight in which there are a limited number of receptor types and, as a consequence, only three primary colors. Thus attempts have been made to recognize primary odors that can combine to produce all of the odors that can be perceived. Evidence for this includes rough correlations of odors with chemical stmctural types and the existence in some individuals having specific anosmias. Cross-adaptation studies, in which exposure to one odorant temporarily reduces the perception of a chemically related one, also fit into this hypothetical framework. Implicit in this theory is the idea that there is a small number of well-defined odor receptors, so that eventually the shape and charge distribution of a specific receptor can be learned and the kinds of molecular stmctures for a specified odor can be deduced. 

Isostatic pressing gives a highly uniform product, although the production rate is somewhat low. It typically contains very small grains and Uttle or no porosity. In this process, a mbber sock or bag of the desked shape is filled with the refractory mix. The sock is then subjected to extremely high pressure in a hydrauUc pressure chamber. 

If it is not dissolved or trapped, an embolism moving from the lower extremities can be life-threatening. People afflicted with phlebitis are particularly susceptible to this problem. A shape-memory trap has been devised that, when deployed in the vena cava, is like a multileaved mesh that traps a traveling embolism, retaining it until medication can dissolve it. Introduced in a folded form by a catheter, the mesh is prevented from deploying by subjecting it to a flow of cold saline water. Once in place, it is released from the catheter and, warmed by body heat, opens into its final shape (11). 

Tank Bottoms. The shape of cylindrical tank closures, both top and bottom, is a strong function of the internal pressure. Because of the varying conditions to which a tank bottom may be subjected, several types of tank bottoms (Fig. 7 Table 4) have evolved. These may be broadly classified as flat bottom, conical, or domed or spherical. Flat-bottom tanks only appear flat. These usually have designed slope and shape and are subclassifted according to the following flat, cone up, cone down, or single slope. 

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