Package dyeing

Before the pressurized package dyeing machine became estabHshed, sulfur dyes were often employed for dyeing cotton warps in rope form (ball... 

Batch Processes. In batch processes, dyeing is conducted in various circulating-goods machines (e.g., jigger, winch beck, jet, and overflow machines) and circulating-liquor machines (yam, piece, and package dyeing machines) (see Sections 4.1.1). 

A model package dyeing plant constructed for the cost/benefit analysis of applying dyebath/auxiliary bath reuse to pressure package dyeing was assumed to have the following ... 

Table XXV. Capital Equipment and Operating Cost Estimate for Dyebath Reuse Applied to Polyester Package Dyeing...

Table XXVI. Combined Cost Savings in Adaptation of Dyebath Reuse to Polyester Package Dyeing at 1.35 x 10 lb./yr. Production...

Microemulsions of softeners, mainly amino-modified silicones, give special softening effects. Their main advantage is high emulsion stability. This is important for applications with high shear, as in jet or package dyeing machines. Emulsions that do not have excellent shear stability can actually breakdown and deposit softener particles on equipment and fabric that are either very difficult or impossible to remove. In Table 3.2, some characteristics of normal and microemulsions are compared. 

As mechanical agitation is important to effect the bio-fmishing, only selected processes and machines can be used, for example tubular fabric preferably cut to open width and treated in open width washers. In the rope form the loosened fibre particles are filtered out by the fabric and cannot easily be removed. The pad-batch process, jig or package dyeing machines are not effective in bio-fmishing. 

HOSTATEX L-PEC is a readily emulsified carrier for high temperature dyeing, in particular, for package dyeing machines. Excellent color yield and leveling are obtained. 

BORCODYE D-6-LF may be added undiluted into the dyebath at the start of the dyeing cycle and can be applied under atmos-heric or pressure conditions. It is low foaming and yields excellent results on piece goods, yarn, package dyeing and carpet. 

BURCO LUBRICANT CWN is suitable on jets. BURCO LUBRICANT CWN has leveling action reducing crossovers in package dyeing. BURCO LUBRICANT CWN improves flow on beam dye machines. 

CNC SUPERKLEEN C can be applied on becks, beams, jets or package dye machines. 

Low odor, one-bath scour and dye carrier for jets, beams, and package dyeing. Use levels 1 to 2%. 

Nonionic direct dye fixative for use in package dyeing. Applied during the last rinse, HYDROFIX DV inhibits dye migration during the drying process. 

Because of the deaeration character of INTEX DEFOAMER 41 it is extremely effective in package dyeing and promotes the sinking of carpet. INTEX DEFOAMER 41 is nonionically emulsified making it compatible with all dyestuffs and finishing chemicals. 

Efficient scouring agent with low foam and de-aerating properties. Advantageous on beck, jet and package dye equipment—anionic. 

Winding lubricant applied in a package dye machine. TERGITEX KW ... 

Figure 7-4. Rapid low liquor ratio package dyeing and bleaching machine...

Although not practised as much as other forms of package dyeing, there... 

Whilst excess of hydrochloric acid is necessary to ensure that diazotization will be complete, coupling will not take place if the pH is too low. Sodium acetate is therefore added to the liquor to convert free hydrochloric into acetic acid, after which the pH should be about 4-5. Coupling will also be retarded if the liquor becomes alkaline, and this can occur easily on account of the sodium hydroxide which may be left in the cotton after it has been impregnated with the naphthol derivative. Excess of alkali can be neutralized by adding acetic acid, sodium bicarbonate, or aluminium sulphate. Aluminium sulphate should not be used in a package-dyeing machine because it gives rise to a certain amount of precipitated aluminium hydroxide and this will be retained by filtration. Some loss of lustre of mercerized cotton can also be caused by aluminium sulphate. 

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